Compare how Willy Russell Essay Example for Free

Compare how Willy Russell Es conjectureCompare how Willy Russell portrays the cardinal brothers in reap of reasoning Brothers. Account for the different reactions the reference have to the dickens characters through let out the play. Willy Russell successful playwright Blood Brothers conjures up many debateable topics including the intriguing separation of twin brothers paddy field and Eddie. During my essay I shall indulge into the social differences and similarities occurring in the midst of the twin brothers, whilst giving personal responses of my own and explaining the effects materializing on the audience and if it is what Russell hoped for. I shall give thought provoking evidence to back up my opinions and manufacture emotional differing acknowledgements to enhance my essay. The theme constantly running through the play is that of a social difference and a difference in frame. The title Blood Brothers has several denotations with Blood meaning possible violence or a blood relation whereas Brothers could mean a close/good relationship. The opening line Have you ever heard the story of the Johnston brothers? makes the audience inquisitive from the start, and sets the scene for the story.From the foremost mention of the brothers in Act 1 Scene 5, the audience brush off notice Edward is instantly shown to be more socially superior to Mickey having been chosen by Mrs Lyons to be the baby to have the life of luxury and stand up with her. She pressurised Mrs Johnston to say At the birth of my twins I shall give one of the children to Jennifer J. Lyons. Russell is trying to cause an early rift amongst the brothers and profound that society treats people in many different ways and can pave the way for peoples lifespan.The audience feel generally excited towards this turning point in the play and would love life to know how the rest of the play and the brothers lifes pan out. I feel a certain sorrow for Mrs Johnston having been threatened by Mrs L yons, to secure the rights of Edward. In Act 1 Scene 8, Mrs Lyons says They say that if either twin learns he was one of a pair they shall both die immediately. Despite a great sadness for Mrs Johnston, I also feel a magnitude of happiness and hope for the great life Edward shall have before him.Once the brothers meet the comparison between the two experiences another social difference, as in terms of manner the brothers speak within a whole different complex. Poor manners and a large liverpudlian accent are reminiscent of something Mickey would say. In Act 2 Scene2 Mickey says Im not playing now because I am spend a penny off. Whereas the well spoken Eddie would say Fantastic, I shall look it up in the dictionary. This particular difference occurs due to the far from similar worlds the brothers have been brought up in this difference would make the audience think the brothers had no relation or link whatsoever.The audience also feel sorrow for Mickey knowing he has not had the sa me chances as his brother but I can also presumably see humour as the brothers diverse childhoods lead them to say contrastingly opposite things. Again in Act 2 Scene2 the level of knowledge between the two brothers is also experiencing a huge difference, exaggerating that the upper class are more intelligent than the lower class. Again Russell is trying to convince the audience that Eddie is benefitting from his greater advanced sociality. Eddie says Dont you know what a dictionary is? Mickey responds function I do.Its a thingy isnt it? Eddies question may insult the intelligence of Mickey but again the different upbringings result in a difference of knowledge. The audience and I feel pitiful for the poor Eddie who hasnt had the same chances as his brother yet I can see a humorous side as Russell again exaggerates how less intelligent lower class people are. Mrs Lyons tells her son not to play down where Mickey lives. Two possible reasons for this could explain Mrs Lyons concern s. The first reason could be that Mrs Lyons doesnt destiny Eddie to play with children with such a gulf in class and mix with the wrong kind.The second reason could be how Mrs Lyons doesnt want Eddie to meet Mickey and unravel the truth about their brotherhood. Mrs Lyons says Ive told you never to go where that boy lives. I believe the audience vent their first bit of anger, aimed at Mrs Lyons as she is hiding the inevitable truth from Eddie and the audience probably believe the brothers deserve to know the truth. But telling the truth could ruin Mrs Lyons chance of parenthood. Mickey ventures into an adventurous life and Eddie very much wants to follow in his steps. Many quotes prove this, like when in Act 2 Scene3 Mickey says Hiya Eddie.Look, Ive got our Sammys catapult. You coming out eh? Eddie replies Isnt Mickey fantastic, Mum? This shows the first of many similarities between Eddie and Mickey and despite different lifes, there is still a likability factor between the two an d they do it playing and being mischievous. This bond between the brothers pleases the audience who want the boys to happily reveal the secret, being kept from them. Mickey persuades Eddie into light hearted behaviour (peer pressure). Eddie, despite averse(p) still enrols in this misbehaviour, showing a side similar to his brother.

300 - Rationalism vs Empiricism - Summary and History Essay Example for Free

300 Rationalism vs Empiricism Summary and History Es placeWhat is human beings really wish well? A current running by more of the philosophical thinking round the time of Socrates and Plato was that there is a difference between how the initiation appears and how it is. Our senses reveal one layer of reality but it is our headsprings that reach deeper. The world of appearances is a world in flux but underneath there must be a stable reality. For there is much that is unchanging. We identify kinds of things badgers, daffodils, mountains and whilst members of these kinds ar born, change and die, and differ from one a nonher in ever so many ways, the kind-defining essence doesnt change. We jibe here the key rationalist root word that knowledge is a priori knowledge of necessary truths Plato said that kinds were defined by the transcendental forms. He presented a number of arguments for the existence of these things. Prior to our incarnation, our souls existed in the land of forms where we goldbricked about these essences. In our terrestrial state, we cannot recall what we know. Socrates considered himself a midwife to knowledge instead of a teacher, helping his interlocutors to draw out what they dont know that they know.The typesetters case of Meno and the slave-boy shows this idea clearly. Like many philosophers, Plato was also fascinated by mathematics. We are able to tap into a universe of truths that are non-sensible we do not see numbers and we do not see the perfect geometric forms. Once again, we see the difference between the powers of the intellect and the powers of the senses. It was in the 17th century that the moot between the rationalists and the empiricists came to a head. Philosophers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Descartes and Leibniz emphasised the power of reason over the senses.Descartes argued that our senses were fallible and that we could not rule out the possibility of the demon lying hypothesis on the basis of sensory separate alone. Descartes argued that he k brand-new he existed, as a mind, on the basis of reflection alone when I think, I cannot fail to be aware of myself as existing as that thinker (cogito, ergo sum). Having proved that he exists, Descartes argued that God exists. Since God is no deceiver, he would not befuddle given us senses that systematically mislead. however let us not overemphasise the powers of the senses.Descartes argued that even with material things, it is reason that exposes their essences. In his piece of grow reasoning, he argued that the senses merely reveal a succession of impressions it is reason that grasps the underlying and enduring substance as extended (and filled space). Plato and Descartes believed that we are born with concepts and knowledge. In Descartes case, there was a religious motive we are all born in the image of God. We discover more about the world primarily through metaphysical reflection. The philosopher Francis Bacon, an early e mpiricist, famously dismissed this rationalist approach to knowledge.He compared rationalists to spiders who spin complex metaphysical systems out of their entrails. Empiricists get their hands dirty like bees gathering pollen, they gather knowledge about the world and only then reflect on it. Around the same time as Bacon, many new discoveries were being made that shook the prevailing views of reality. The Earth was dethroned from its position at the centre of the universe by Copernicus. A new star (a supernova) was observed by Tycho Brahe in 1572 yet the heavens were supposed to be timeless and unchanging.Galileo discovered the moons of Jupiter again, e rattlingthing clearly didnt revolve around the Earth. Later in the 17th century, scientist-philosophers such as Newton, Boyle, Gassendi and Huygens would mutationise our understanding of reality. The original empiricist manifesto was written by John Locke. In his Es avow Concerning Human Understanding, he sought to show how a mi nd that was blank at birth a tabula rasa or blank slate could come to be filled. His first targets were the innate concepts and knowledge (ideas) of the rationalists.There are no such things. There are no truths everyone agrees on. Many people fail to grasp the supposed metaphysical truths. Instead, our senses deliver ideas to us. We store them, abstract from them to form ecumenical ideas, and compound and mix them to generate new ideas. Like Lego bricks, we build the meagre sensory data into ever more complex structures. Even Leibniz thought Locke was onto something here. He claimed that our minds were like blocks of marble that had to be carefully chiselled at to reveal the hidden structure (the innate truths).It is hard work and not everyone will end up well-chiselled. Hume took empiricism to its limit. Where Locke talked indifferently of ideas, Hume distinguished impressions and ideas. Impressions are the direct deliverances of the senses and are forceful and vivid in compari son to ideas, which are the copies our minds makes. (He also agreed with the Empiricist Berkeley that Lockes theory of oecumenic ideas was wrong. We do not abstract from particular ideas to a prevalent idea but use a particular idea in a general way via a general name. )What about the precious necessary truths philosophy is supposed to study? Locke argued that once we have ideas in our mind, our mind will grasp the necessary connections between them e. g. that a triangle has internal angles that add to 180o? But where does the idea of necessity come from? Hume provided an answer. He distinguished statements into two categories those expressing relations of ideas (analytic) and those expressing matters of fact (synthetic). The analytic truths express mere definitions we simply are aware of an association between terms.The synthetic truths are the contingent truths. So what happens to interesting necessary truths, such as God exists or nothing exists without being caused to exist ? Hume argued that if these werent analytic and they arent they arent necessary. We feel that they are necessary and this is all necessity is a psychological property. When we say that X caused Y, we think we have said something about the universe. We think we have seen an example of a law of nature (e. g. the water in the bucket froze because it was snappy exemplifies the law water freezes at 0oC).Science investigates these laws. Hume said that causation was all in the mind. We see one thing after another and when weve seen instances of a mode enough, we develop the feeling that one thing must be followed by the other. Hume, like Locke, emphasised how all we can be certain of are our impressions how the world seems. Scientists are really investigating how the world appears they can never be certain that the world really is the way it appears. So, empiricism seems to lead straight to disbelief about the external world. Kant objected strongly to this.Science really is studying the external world and there really is an external world for it to investigate. Kant brought about a revolution in philosophy (he called it a Copernican revolution). He argued that the empiricists and rationalists were both right and wrong. The Empiricists were right science requires the study of the world and the world is brought to us via the senses. The Rationalists were right our mind is not blank but contains structures that enable us to interpret the stream of data from the senses. We may liken the mind to a mould and the data to jellify one only has something structured by combining both.Or the mind is a estimator with an operating system and the data is the input from the user. A computer with just an operating system is inert. A computer into which data is inputted but which has no operating system is just data it cannot be interpreted. Only when you corporate trust both do you get something useful. Our minds contain the structures for space, time, objects and causation, for example. (In Kants terminology, space and time are the pure forms of intuition whereas the structures for objects and causation are pure concepts of the understanding.) This means that we experience a world of spatio-temporally located objects in which causation happens because this is how our minds make it appear. Does this mean that the world as such is all in the mind? Or is the mind somehow tuned to the structure of reality, so that our pre-programmed minds mirror the structures of reality? This is a very difficult question over which there is no agreement amongst experts. The Empiricist elbow grease came back with a vengeance in the 20th century. Philosophers such as Bertrand Russell agreed with Hume that our knowledge begins with our knowledge of sense-data (classical empirical foundationalism).Armed with new discoveries in mathematics and logic, and backed by the successes of science, the logical positivists argued that the only proper way to investigate the world was t he scientific way. If I say p and p is synthetic and there is no objective, scientific way to verify my claim that p, then my claim is meaningless. (This is the celebrated verification principle). So, if it is true that there atoms, we should be able to find empirical sensory evidence of them. If it is true that nothing happens without being caused to happen, then we likewise need scientific evidence for this.We cannot discover whether it is true by pure reason. The Logical Positivist movement failed. There is much that seems meaningful that is not objectively verifiable by the senses, such as the occurrence of private sensations. The principle makes it impossible for general claims such as all mammals are warm-blooded to be true, as we cannot verify all of them. The very verification principle itself fails its own test The Logical Positivists responded by watering down their principle a meaningful claim is one we could gather some evidence for in principle and the principle itsel f is special justify from this rule.But it was not enough. (* Then Quine argued that the fundamental division between analytic and synthetic sentences was incorrect. Analytic sentences cannot be false. But no sentence enjoys this privilege. As we learn more and more, truths we thought were beyond doubt are rejected. Once upon a time, we would have thought it analytic that no object can be in two places at once or that there is no fastest velocity. Quantum physics and general relativity theory show that they are not true. Instead, we should have a web of belief. At the centre are those sentences least likely to be revised our core beliefs.As we move out, we find those sentences that would be easier and easier to subscribe as false that would cause less and less disruption to the rest of what we believe. ) In the 1950s, Chomsky became famous for suggesting that we are not born as blank slates when it comes to language. We are born knowing the fundamental structures of human langu age. When we are young, we hear our mother tongue and use our knowledge of language to pick up our language very quickly. (At 24 months, the average child understands 500-700 words at 36 months, 1000 at 48 around 2500-3000 at 60 around 5000 words thats around 7 words a day between 3 and 6).More recently, studies have shown that children are born with brains structured to expect the world to behave in certain way. Very young children expect objects to persist over time not to disappear and reappear at two different places, for example. Is this a revival of rationalism? Not according to many people. Rationalists argued that we had innate concepts and knowledge. By reflection, we can discover them and manipulate them to gain new knowledge. But our knowledge of language is only different. None of us can easily articulate the rules we follow in generating syntactically-correct English.(And certainly none of us at all can articulate the viridity structure rules to all human languages. ) Our brains are certainly pre-programmed, but only perhaps in the same way that a computer is pre-wired clearly something has to be there but nothing as advanced as software. So where are we today? No side is victorious this would be to grossly over-simplify the tump over between the empiricists and the rationalists. We definitely have minds in some way ready to receive the world hardly surprising, perhaps, given the time it has taken for us to evolve.But when it comes to working out what is true? Few philosophers are rationalists in the old-fashioned way. There is no sharp division between metaphysics and science our study of reality cannot be done from the armchair alone. But our capacity to grasp abstract mathematical truths has always been difficult to explain from an empiricist perspective. We seem to have an access to a mathematical realm and a cognitive or intuitive access instead of a sensory one. You cant see numbers, after all, and it is not easy to say what we could s ee that would lead us to generate the ideas of numbers.

Nutritional Supplements As Effective As Full Ward Diet Nursing Essay

Nutritional Supplements As Effective As Full Ward Diet sell for EssayPressure ulcerationation has become a common health issue in hospitalized patients and elderly patients living in a long-term guard facility. It can be contributed by various factors such as aging, poor nutrition, immobility, and cognitive impairment. A lit review was conducted based on five produce look into words. The aim was to investigate the therapeutic relationship between nutritionary support and military press sores improve. The dissolver indicated significant improvement in pull ulcer healing.BackgroundAim of the paperThe aim of this have is to critically review current literature in order to tax the effectiveness of spontaneous nutritional supplement (ONS) in addition to regular food intake in the prevention and intercession of ram ulcers.Purpose of the paperThe purpose of the topic is to estimate whether nutritional supplement economic aids cure stuff sores or non.Scope of the paperT he analyze is based on research of a variety of existing research articles, journals, surveys, and clinical trials related to pressure ulcer throughout the global. It mainly focuses on individuals aged 65 and over from different continents.Literature Search StrategyThe literature review was designed to assess published studies only. The initial search terms included pressure ulcer, nutrition, elderly, protein, arginine, zinc, vitamin C. The time period of the search covered articles published from 2000 to 2011 in English. The major databases used are CINAHL, Pubmed, and Cochrane Collaboration. An assignment marking guide was used to evaluate methodological quality of selected studies and gather useful information at the selfsame(prenominal) time. Research design, description of intervention, outcome measures, gives and author conclusions were included in the marking guide.2.0 Evaluation of the Literature2.1 IntroductionPressure ulcers, overly referred to as pressure sores, decu bitus ulcers or bedsores, are defined as an sports stadium of localised damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure, shear force, friction, moisture, and/or a combination of these factors. (Crowe and Brockbank 2009) It ordinarily occurs in hospitalized patients and elderly adults living in aged care facilities due to impaired mobility, paralysis and malnutrition. This consider only focused on the relationship between malnutrition and pressure ulceration. For elderly people specifically, factors contributing to malnutrition include poor appetite, impaired cognition, depression, dep terminalence on assistance with eating, and medications that cause gastrointestinal upset. (Heyman et al. 2008) Therefore, strategies and nursing interventions for adequate nutritional intake have become essential proportion of care for the elderly not only for pressure ulcer management, but also for their overall well-being. render adequate nutritional supplements have been acknowledge d to be beneficial in addition to repositioning and contuse dressing since they can provide extra nutrients to assure tissue resistance and promote tissue repair. (Posthauer 2006) This review evaluated the clinical endorse supporting the use of ONS is beneficial for the elderly with existing pressure sores as naval division of their management. Five related article consisted of both clinical trials and literature reviews were selected presenting various perspectives. One of these studies provided Level I evidence sequence otherwise four provided evidence between Level II and train IV.2.2 Critical ReviewLevel 1 evidence was provided by a systematic review by Holm, Mesch, and Ove (2007) This tuition conducted 16 peerreviewed articles published between 1995 and 2005, with a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis of information. General speaking, the reviewer pointed out that pressure ulcer healing for patients aged 65 and over is strongly associated with individua ls nutritional status as well as strategies and nursing interventions implemented by healthcare workers when handling pressure ulcers. First of all, it revealed the significance of nutrition for elderly patients with pressure sores in promoting wound healing and preventing deterioration. Meanwhile, it indicated that the use of pressure relieving mattresses and repositioning were the most commonly used measures for pressure area care. It also reported potential factors such as weight loss, dysphagia, catheters and connection to different kinds of monitoring equipment, which might result in prolonged ulceration. Moreover, the pecuniary impact on the patient and family related to costly treatment was also discussed in this review. When selecting the articles, the reviewer excluded studies that did not comply with the aim of the review or studies contained inborn opinions. It is reasonable to con aspectr this study to be comprehensive and convincing since it provided logical arguments supported with figures and data collected from those 16 published research articles. The limitation of this study was that the articles selected were published from 1995 to 2005, so that the information gathered might not be up-to-date. Although the study demonstrated the connection between nutrition and pressure ulcer healing, it did not involve the role of protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc in specific. The results of this study were consistent with the setting of this academic paper because they both focused on patients aged 65 and over. In addition, this article is relevant to the PICO question since it talked about the importance of nutrition among elderly patients and its relationship with pressure sores management.The goal of the research paper by Heyman et al. (2008), which provides level III evidence, was to examine the effects of oral nutritional supplements enriched with protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc in forageary management of pressure ulcers and chronic woun ds. This open multicentre trial was conducted among 61 institutional care facilities in Belgium and Luxembourg for a nine-week period and 245 participants, with a mean age of 80, were selected randomly with no exclusion criteria. Each patient original lead servings of ONS per day accompanied with standard pressure area care. The result was a 60% reduction in pressure ulcer area afterward nine weeks. The primary limitation of this study was that it neither attempted to blind nor carry out randomize controlled trials. Hence, factors affecting pressure ulcer healing other than malnutrition had not been eliminated which reduced the reliability of the result. Another limitation was that the exudate levels were not measured objectively, and ruler was used to measure the size of the wound instead of planimetry. completely these factors might lead to inaccurate outcomes. Nevertheless, the result of this study was supported by three other studies. These studies indicated that ONS enriche d with arginine, zinc and antioxidant vitamins helps accelerate pressure ulcer healing rates. (Benati et al. 2001 Desneves et al. 2005 Soriano et al. 2004)The study by Cereda et al. (2009) aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a disease-specific nutritional treatment enriched in protein, arginine, zinc, and vitamin C comparisond to full ward diet for enhancing the rate of pressure ulcer healing. It was a twelve-week randomized controlled trial which provided level I evidence. It involved 28 elderly subjects with Stage II, III, and IV pressure ulcers of recent onset from four residential care facilities in Italy. Participants were divided into two groups and both groups received exactly same amount of daily nutritional support. However, one of the groups was provided with standard full ward diet while the other group was administered a 400-mL oral supplement or specific enteral formula enriched with protein, arginine, zinc, and vitamin C in addition to the standard diet. The resul t reflected that there was a 72% decrease in pressure ulcer area after 12 weeks of receiving ONS. This study think that disease-specific nutritional support is viable and beneficial in promoting the healing of pressure ulcers.Furthermore, a secondary research article written by Crowe and Brockbank (2009) investigated the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. The function and mechanisms of protein, arginine, and micronutrients in wound healing process had been discussed respectively in this study. It also cited a variety of existing studies to support its arguments. The study concluded that high-protein oral nutritional supplements played an essential role in minimizing the incidence of pressure ulcers in susceptible elderly patients. The role of arginine, vitamin C and zinc in pressure ulcer healing, on the other hand, was not very clear stated by Crowe and Brockbank due to limitation in sample size and mixed study design of current studies. Althou gh some studies reported that arginine, Vitamin C and zinc can promote muscle and collagen synthesis which increase the strength of the wound and help the body maintain a healthy immune system (Fleishman 2005), confirmatory studies are needed to support current clinical evidence. The major down side of this study was absence of critical analysis of information gathered from clinical trials used. Nevertheless, nutritional support was considered to be beneficial and effective in enhancing pressure ulcer healing after all.In addition, the conclusion that nutritional supplement rich in protein speeded up pressure ulcer healing rate was consistent with other study by Breslow et al. (1993) Breslow et al. (1993), another level III evidence, investigated 28 malnourished elderly patients living in residential care facility with existing pressure sores for eight weeks. It aimed to evaluate the impact of dietary protein on healing of pressure ulcers in malnourished patients. The result indica ted that participants who received supplemental nutritional formulas containing 24% protein displayed a faster rate of wound healing in contrast to those received formulas containing 14% protein. Therefore, it was reasonable to believe that supplemental protein aided in pressure ulcer healing process. However, because of the time of this study being conducted, the novelty and reliability of the information provided might be doubted.Based on the findings of this review, additional nutritional supplement enriched with protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc had been proved to be effective in promoting pressure ulcer healing. The implementation of specialised nutritional support was recommended for elderly patients suffering from chronic pressure ulcers. Moreover, patients having difficulty swallowing, cognitive impairment are at risk of malnourishment so nutritional supplement should be considered despite of no existing pressure ulcer. (Cereda et al.2009) Besides, although nutritional s upplementation aided the wound to heal, it was not an entire part of pressure ulcer management. In order to prevent and treat pressure sores apace and effectively, it is essential to combine nutritional support with wound management, use of pressure-relieving devices as well as repositioning techniques. (Heyman et al. 2008)3.0 Evaluation of the Main Research Article3.1 The study overviewThe study, Benefi ts of an oral nutritional supplement on pressure ulcer healing in long-term care residents, by Heyman et al. (2008) aimed to investigate the effects of combine oral nutritional supplement high in protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc with standard care on the healing of pressure ulcers in nursing home residents canvas to standard care solely. This nine-week trial was conducted in Luxembourg and Belgium and 245 patients with grade II-IV pressure ulcers were involved. During the study, participants were provided with the ONS daily for nine weeks, in addition to their normal diet or enteral feed. Standard pressure care was provided to each patient. Pressure ulcer area (mm2) and condition were assessed after three and nine weeks. (Heyman et al. 2008) tolerants received 200ml ONS per daily which contained 46g protein,6.9g arginine, 575mg vitamin C, 87mg vitamin E and 21mg zinc. The result indicated that there was a remarkable decrease in pressure ulcer area, with 53%, at the end of the trial. Complete wound closure occurred after three and nine weeks in 7% and 20% of the pressure ulcers respectively.3.2 Type of article and level of evidenceThis article is a quantitative primary research article because all the data was collected by the authors themselves by performing a clinical trial. It is a case control study rather than a randomized controlled trial since it involved larger number of subjects so that the randomness and suitability of participants selected diminished. Nevertheless, the study demonstrated comparison by monitoring changes of conditions and imp rovements of the wound. The pressure ulcer area was measured three times throughout the trial at the beginning, after three weeks, and at the end. Therefore, this study provided level III evidence. (The Royal Melbourne Hospital 2009)3.3 The study designThis was an open multicenter case-control study, in which 245 patients with different grades of pressure ulcers participated. Three servings of oral nutritional supplements were provided for every patient and wound healing process was monitored and assessed by step pressure ulcer area using rulers. Patient medical history and characteristics of existing wounds were gathered to be baseline information at the beginning of the trial. each measurements were performed by a single practitioner at each center in order to minimize subjectivity of data collected. (Heyman et al. 2008)3.4 Statistical analysis information are expressed as mean standard deviation. Data were statistically analysed using ANOVA. Pressure ulcer data were log-transf ormed using a mixed-effects model to compare changes in pressure ulcer area over time. SGS Life Science Services Clinical Research (Bierges-Wavre, Belgium) performed the data entry, verification and statistical analysis. (Heyman et al. 2008)3.5 Outcomes/Results for Nurse and PatientDuring the study period, the average intake of the ONS recorded was 2.3 0.56 servings per day. After three weeks, the mean pressure ulcer area decreased from 1580 3743mm2 to 1103 2999mm2 and further reduction displayed to 743 1809mm2 at the end of the trial, a 53% decrease compared to baseline. Additionally, Complete wound closure occurred after three and nine weeks in 16 (7%) and 49 (20%) of the pressure ulcers respectively. There was also a remarkable decline in exudates levels. At baseline, they were reported as mild, moderate and severe in 54 (33%), 61 (25%) and 32 (13%) of the pressure ulcers respectively, while after nine weeks this had reduced to 81 (22%), 34 (14%) and 10 (4%) respectively.(He yman et al. 2008) Also, the oral nutritional supplements were accepted by most of participants. Eight out of ten patients did not complain about being given three servings per day and roughly 80% of the patients drank more than half of the ONS at each serving. On the other hand, in ten health practitioners involved in this study, nine of them expressed that they would use ONS as part of their pressure ulcer management regimen. (Heyman et al. 2008)3.6 Limitations and GapsAlthough the study involved large number of participants which roughly reflect the nursing-home population of Luxembourg and Belgium, there was no excluded criteria when selecting the participants. As a consequence, various factors such as medical history of diabetes or peripheral vascular disease can prolong wound healing and influence the outcome of the study.3.7 Recommendations for Further ResearchThe essentiality of conducting further studies has been pointed out to evaluate whether the implementation of oral nut ritional supplements is cost-effective and suitable for all patients with pressure ulcers.4.0 ConclusionBased on the findings from studies provided above, it is reasonable to consider the use of oral nutritional supplements enriched with protein, arginine, vitamin C and zinc as an effective and beneficial intervention in pressure ulcer management. Nevertheless, it is important to administer the ONS combined with other interventions including appropriate wound management and regular repositioning to promote pressure ulcer healing.

Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumer Attitudes Toward GM

Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumer Attitudes Toward GMLiterature Review Evaluating the Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumers Attitudes Toward genetically Modified FoodsGenetically modified foods (GMFs) have been a part of American life for more than twenty years, with the USDA approving the first commercial product in 1994 (Bruening Lyons, 2000). Since then, genetically modified (GM) crops have boomed, with an estimated 70% of processed foods on grocery store shelves containing GM ingredients (Chrispeels, 2014). The United States Department of Agriculture has recognized umpteen benefits of GM crops, including greater yields, increased nutritional value, and better seed quality (Fernandez-Cornejo et al, 2014). Given the current global food climate, with hunger and starvation still macrocosm prevalent in many countries, this is an important benefit.Since the introduction of GM crops into the food chain, a lot of questions have been asked regarding their uninjuredty and ofttimes research has been done in this regard. A 2014 meta-analysis of the previous ten years of data indicates that GMOs do not pose any direct threat to human health (Nicolia et al, 2014). Indeed, most scientists (Funk et al., 2015) and the gentlemans gentleman Health Organization (2015) believe that GM foods are safe to eat. Despite this data, only just over a third of Americans believe GMOs are safe for human consumption (Funk et al, 2015) and many will spend more for foods that they know are non-GMO (Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014). This indicates that GM foods continue to be a contentious issue, and it is one that is a great deal played out on social media (Stevens et al., 2016).Food safeguard is an inherently emotional issue (Anderson 2000), and contentious issues, particularly emotional ones, are ofttimes hyped up in the media (Stieglitz Dang-Xuan, 2013). When consumers go to the media seeking nurture on the emotionally charged issue of GM food, they will find that muc h of tuition that is easily come-at-able to them is negative and centered more on popular opinion that scientific facts (Mahgoub, 2016 McCluskey, Swinnen, Vandermoortele, 2015). The medias negative portrayal of GM food has been linked to consumers negative perception of the products (Marques, Critchley, Walshe, 2014 Vilella-Villa Costa-Font, 2008). twain public opinion and scientific data play a part in how governments and regulatory bodies develop their policies, highlighting the importance of understanding the evidence and what shapes consumer attitudes toward GMOs (Druckman Bolsen, 2011 foliate Shapiro, 1983). man opinion is formed from the attitudes of individuals (Katz, 1960). Hostility to GMOs can lead to limiting development of research about them (e.g. Ceccoli Hixon, 2012) and restrict or ban the make use of of the engine room (e.g. Siegrist, 2000). The success of GMO foods on the market depends on public opinion (Moschini et al, 2005).Facebook is the most popula r social media platform in the United States. Nearly 80% of online Americans use Facebook, and of those, 76% use it every day, and 55% visit it several times a day (Funk Rainie, 2015). Many American adults (62%) get their news from Facebook and nearly a fifth (18%) do it often (Gottfried Shearer, 2016). Facebook offers near-instantaneous access to news and information in substance abusers news head for the hillss, offering a greater ease of selectivity over more traditional media sources (Westerwick et al, 2013). However, the selectivity is dark towards users pre breathing beliefs and attitudes, and serves to limit the amount of information available to them through the use of their algorithm that provides messaging consistent with previous likes of the user, as well as wind vane searches, thus increasing the heart of selective exposure (Bakshy et al., 2015 Pariser, 2011), and an effect to which most people whitethorn be unaware of (Powers, 2017). This leads to tailoring a news feed that is increasingly fragmented and polarized to the existing attitudes of the individual user (Westerwick et al, 2013).Facebook also elicits quick responses from users by way of how information is presented and does not require the user to put much cognitive effort into assessing its veracity. Users will often accept the first message they encounter without insideng any further investigation (Flanagin Metzger, 2007 Chen et al, 2015), engaging in what petty and Cacioppo (1986) termed peripheral processing. This is common in user assessment on online media (Fogg et al, 2003) and when making food-related decisions (Frewer et al., 1997). In this type of processing, people rely on simple cues (Andrews et al., 2011 Walters et al, 2012) and cognitive heuristics, such as stay bias, to evaluate information and form an attitude about it. This is particularly true when people want to decide about an issue that they do not know much about and are uncertain about the risks, benefits, and consequences (Tversky and Kanehan, 1975). With peripheral processing, no higher-order thinking, or central processing, goes into their formation of opinion. While engaged in peripheral processing, people will discredit the attitude incongruent information off-hand or will alter their perception of it so that it fits into their pre-existing schemas (Petty Cacioppo, 1986 Festinger, 1957). mess generally prefer messages that fit with their pre-existing beliefs, and regardless of how much importance they attach to an issue, they are not likely to spend much time feel for credible information (Westerwick et al, 2013).The problem with engaging in peripheral processing when encountering messages on a platform like Facebook is that the credibility of the information they are accessing is often not verified (e.g., Moody, 2011) and people rarely verify the credibility of this information (Metzger, 2007). The information may be based on inferior data, is often drive by personal opinion (Ennals et. al, 2010), has no real standards for quality control or regulatory controls, and can be easily altered (Metzger et al, 2013).As mentioned earlier, confirmation bias is a cognitive heuristic that may be utilized when people are engaged in peripheral processing. The confirmation bias is a tendency for people to pay more attention to and attri besidese greater importance to information that is congruent with what they believe while overlooking or discrediting information that does not fit their preexisting beliefs (Klayman and Ha, 1987). Confirmation bias with regards to media exposure is well documented, with the first instance noted over seventy years ago (Lazarsfeld et al., 1944), however, the effect of confirmation bias on user attitudes is not consistent across different types of messaging. Political messaging and confirmation bias are well documented, but this is not the case for health messaging. Westerwick et al. (2013) found that people are generally more likely t o look for credible information sources when it comes to their health. Alternatively, confirmation bias may be more pronounced if media coverage about an issue is negative, as could also be the case with GM foods (Lusk et al, 2014 Slovic, 1987). Given the impact of food safety on ones health, the question arises as to the role that confirmation bias has in consumers attitude formation toward GMOs, and this has not yet been adequately addressed by existing research. Research in this area would contribute to the knowledge of how to best design messaging to positively persuade public opinion regarding GMOs.Purpose and ObjectivesThe purpose of this chew over is to examine the impact of attitudinally congruent and attitudinally non-congruent messaging concerning GMOs on how consumers self-evaluate GM foods under the Elaboration Likelihood framework. To accomplish this purpose the following objectives were constructedCollect data on the pre-existing knowledge and beliefs of the audience about GMOs.Compare the perceptions of attitudinally congruent and attitudinally non-congruent GMO messaging.Compare the beliefs and attitudes of consumers pre and post-message exposure.ReferencesAndrews, J. C., Burton, S., Kees, J. (2011). Is simpler always better? Consumer evaluations of front-of-package nutrition symbols. ledger of Public Policy Marketing, 30(2), 175- 190.Anderson, W. A. (2000). The future birth between the media, the food industry and the consumer. British Medical Bulletin, 56(1), 254-268.Baker, G. A., Burnham, T. A. (2001). Consumer response to genetically modified foods Market segment analysis and implications for producers and policy makers. Journal of Agricultural and alternative Economics, 26(2), 387. Retrieved from http//proxy.mul.missouri.edu/login?url=http//search.proquest.com/docview/214697691?accountid=14576Bakshy, E., Messing, S., Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. do i10.1126/ experience.aaa1160Bruening, G., Lyons, J. (2000). The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato. California Agriculture, 54(4), 6-7.Ceccoli, S., Hixon, W. (2012). Explaining attitudes toward genetically modified foods in the European Union. transnational Political Science Review, 33(3), 301-319.Chen, K. J., Kim, J., Lin, J. S. (2015). The effects of affective and cognitive elaborations from Facebook posts on consumer attitude formation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 14(3), 208-218.Chrispeels, M. J. (2014). Yes indeed, most Americans do eat GMOs every day Journal of combinatorial Plant Biology, 56(1), 4-6. doi 10.1111/jipb.12147Druckman, J. N., Bolsen, T. (2011). Framing, motivated reasoning, and opinions about emergent eechnologies. Journal of Communication, 61(4), 659-688. doi10.1111/j.1460- 2466.2011.01562.xEnnals, R., Byler, D., Agosta, J. M., Rosario, B. (2010, April). What is disputed on the web? In Proceedings of the 4th workshop on Information credibility (pp. 67-74). AC M.Fernandez-Cornejo, J., Wechsler, S., Livingston, M., Mitchell, L. (2014). Genetically engineered crops in the United StatesFestinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, California Stanford University Press.Fischer, P., Jonas, E., Frey, D., Schulz-Hardt, S., 2005. Selective exposure to information the impact of information limits. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 469-492.Fogg, B. J., Soohoo, C., Danielson, D. R., Marable, L., Stanford, J., Tauber, E. R. (2003). How do users evaluate the credibility of Web sites? A study with over 2,500 participants. In Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences (pp. 1-15). ACM.Frewer, L. J., Howard, C., Hedderley, D., Shepherd, R. (1997). The elaboration likelihoodmodel and communication about food risks. Risk Analysis, 17(6), 759-769.doi10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb01281.xFunk, C., Rainie, L., Page, D. (2015). Public and scientists views on science and society. Pew Research Center 2015. Ret rieved from http//www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public- and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/Goodwin, J. N. (2013). Taking down the walls of agriculture Effect of transparentcommunication and personal relevance on attitudes and trust within the ElaborationLikelihood Model (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved fromhttp//ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/04/53/18/00001/GOODWIN_J.pdfGottfried, J., Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http//www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social- media-platforms-2016/Jang., S. (2014). Seeking congruency or incongruency online? Examining selective exposure to four controversial science issues. Science Communication, 36(2), 143-167.Health Focus International. (2015). Global shopper views on GMOs. Retrieved from http//www.healthfocus.com/hf/global-shopper-views-on-gmos/Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public opinion quarterly, 24(2), 163-204. Klayman, J., Ha, Y. W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. psychological review, 94(2), 211.Lazarsfeld, P. F., Gaudet, H., Berelson, B. (1944). The peoples choice how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York Duell, Sloan, and Pearce.Lusk, J. L., Roosen, J., Bieberstein, A. (2014). Consumer bridal of new food technologies Causes and roots of controversies. Annual Review of resource Economics 6, 381-405.Mahgoub, S. E. (2016). Genetically Modified Foods Basics, Applications, and Controversy. CRC Press.Marques, M. D., Critchley, C. R., Walshe, J. (2014). Attitudes to genetically modified foodover time How trust in organizations and the media cycle predict support. PublicUnderstanding of Science, 24(5), 601-618. doi10.1177/0963662514542372McCluskey, J. J., Swinnen, J., Vandemoortele, T. (2015). You get what you want A note on the economics of bad news. Information Economics and Policy, 30, 1-5.Metzger, M. J. (2007). Making sense of credibility on the Web Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(13), 2078-2091.Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J. (2013). Credibility and trust of information in online environments The use of cognitive heuristics. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 210-220.Meyers, C. A. (2008). The agricultural wobble Effect of framing agricultural biotechnologymessages on attitudes and intent to publish within the Elaboration Likelihood Model(Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http//gradworks.umi.com/33/34/3334488.htmlMoody, K. E. (2011). Credibility or convenience? Political information choices in amedia-saturated environment. Media International Australia, 140, 35-64.Moschini, G., Bulut, H., Cembalo, L. (2005). On the segregation of genetically modified, conventional and organic products in European agriculture a multimarket equilibrium analysis. Journal of Agricultura l Economics, 56(3), 347-372.Nicolia, A., Manzo, A., Veronesi, F., Rosellini, D. (n.d). An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 34(1), 77-88. doi 10.3109/07388551.2013.823595Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y. (1983). Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. The American Political Science Review, (1). 175.Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. Penguin.Powers, E. (2017). My News Feed is Filtered? cognisance of news personalization among college students. Digital Journalism, 1-21. doi10.1080/21670811.2017.1286943Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In Communication and persuasion (pp. 1-24). Springer New York.Siegrist, M. (2000). The influence of trust and perceptions of risks and benefits on the acceptance of gene technology. Risk analysis, 20(2), 195-204.Slovic, P. (1987) Perception of risk. Science , 236, 280-285Greenwood, S., Perrin, A., Duggan, M. (2016). Social media update 2016. Pew Research Centre. Retrieved from http//www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update- 2016/Stieglitz, S., Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Emotions and information diffusion in social media- sentiment of microblogs and share-out behavior. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 217-248.Stevens, T. M., Aarts, N., Termeer, C. J. A. M., Dewulf, A. (2016). Social media as a new playing field for the governance of agro-food sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 18, 99-106.Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1975). vox populi under uncertainty Heuristics and biases. In Utility, probability, and human decision making (pp. 141-162). Springer Netherlands.Vilella-Vila, M., Costa-Font, J. (2008). Press media reporting effects on risk perceptions andattitudes towards genetically modified (GM) food. The Journal of Socio-Economics,37(5), 2095-2106. doi10.1016/j.socec.2008.04.006Wal ters, A., Long, M. (2012). The effect of food label cues on perceptions of quality and purchase intentions among high-involvement consumers with varying levels of nutrition knowledge. Journal of nutrition education and behavior, 44(4), 350-354.Westerwick, A., Kleinman, S. B., Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2013). 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Representation Of Gender In Media Media Essay

Representation Of Gender In Media Media EssayMedia plays a great map in changing the world by affecting the way people perceive different aspects of our lives. People tend to believe what they continuously pass, and with time they fetch it as the normal way of emotional state, the way things should be. It is important to ensure that what the media shows or the message it delivers, whether directly or indirectly, is appropriate. The message should reflect the positive side of the gilds scenes because with time, whatever is in the media today willing start playing in real life.Most scholars have shown that in media, there is a way that each sex is represented, ground on the stereotypical nature that the society has classified males and females. Males ar strong, tough and powerful, both intellectually and physically as expected by the society and represented by media. Males should dominate and conquer everything and come out victorious. Females on the other hard are supposed t o be soft, emotional and caring as well as supportive to those around them as well as their male counterparts. They are to subordinate men and work toward supporting them and making their life comfortable.In sex matters, the role that media has played in influencing peoples perception of the differences between male and female and expectations of each gender is big. The media has shown that women as the weaker ones, whose role is not major(ip) unlike the male gender who are strong and fearless and are depicted as the stronger sex. In employment, most employees in the media such as radio and TV are male with the females occupying a lesser percentage. The job roles that women get in the media industry are most of the time junior and offering support. It is high-minded to find women occupy leadership or senior positions which most are occupied by their male counterparts. In media training colleges, the number of females is slightly preceding(prenominal) that of males. This notwith standing, in the job market there are about a third of employees who are females, showing that there is a great gender based bias fleck recruiting which favors males. This becomes an impression that women should not be working. The content is another area. Most TV programs or films for example, will have men as the preponderant characters and females only as supporting cast with minor roles. In most of the cases, men end up victorious in their leading roles in the productions. The be of productions of movies with male characters as the leading actor have a higher production budget than those with a female. There is evidence that the more expensive films to cause are more successful and so this favors the male-acted movies more. The role of women as depicted by media is that they are more valuable in their youth and how they exhibit their truelove and sexuality. In media production, whether television programs, film or music videos, females are presented in a demeaning manner f rom their dressing, roles and character. They show only their sexuality as their superlative asset and potential they have. This shake ups them, and even men feel that women cannot exhibit their own potential in the job markets or other fields. It denies them a chance to postulate with men, and make them think they can only rely on their sexuality. The type of movies or programs that female actors lead in are the drama and romantic ones while males are involved in action parked productions which show their aggressive nature. This therefore labels females as the soft ones, while the men as the tough ones. workforce have left behind women even in the sad event of death womens deaths rarely get to the obituaries column yet they are as many another(prenominal) as men are.In advertisement, women presentation is that of homemakers expected to see the requirement of housekeeping and family. For instance, in an advertisement for a household item such as tissue paper or cooking fat, th ere is likelihood of a female being questioned or asked to make a statement as an authority. She will not be an authority because she is an experts in use of the respective items but because they are household items, and she is expected to be a homemaker or know how to take care of the home. On the other hand, when advertising a distinguished career or occupation of a high office, it is likely to have a man, which creates in the mind of a girl that she cannot achieve much out there, she is destined to the kitchen. Such bias in packaging media information and presenting the female gender less capable than the males does not help in empowering females.News content does not help matters either. Women are only a focus on a few matters unlike men who dominate business, political and various other news items. This negatively makes girls believe men are the only ones who can make news. This also shows that men occupy those positions of power making the females doubt their chances and the m ales think the positions only belong to them.Social media has uplifted the presence of women in media as they are able to relate well and are more active of such sites. Their voices are growing and reaching more people, both males and females. There is however, the problem of gender biasness where some male chauvinists have brought some online campaigns based on female stereotypes which is trying to demean women and bring them in bad light. The media owners and producers should be mindful of the word picture portrayed in the media as it will either encourage girls and women to play their rightful roles in the society as well empowered and capable individuals or conform to the stereotypes and message that the media portrays. Men will also be in a position to treat women better if there is general message crosswise the media that is empowering women. The message should not be in the content of the news only but also on the representation in the media such as the employees in the whol e wide journalism industry.As the society dictates, media often present women as part of a team in their work and thoughts. They take a passive rather than an active role and even as victims in whatever happens in the society. The society expects women to be beautiful but weak and the cherish of their sexuality enhanced but in a very narrow and stereotypical way. They treated as emotional instead of intellectual and people who create relationships in order to survive instead of being independent. The society castigates those who tend to be independent or exhibit their worth in other areas, and see them as deviant or dangerous for not meeting the societys expectations.O the other hand, the society expects men to be more rigid and strong, both physically and intellectually, and this is how the media present them. They are expected to show power and be independent in their thought and even in their actions and dont rely on others.These media representations serve to key fruit the soc iety in its real form, and so the media has to conform to ensue the audience identify with them. This may sometimes not be planned but repayable to how the society is. Such representations make the media seem credible and the male chauvinists have their ego maintained, but at the expense of females who fail to get the right pauperization to exploit the full potential in them.With the changing society however, there is a tendency of both men and women finding it hard to live to those expectation of the society due to more empowerment and education on the part of the females on their worth other than the societys expectations of femininity. More female leaders are coming up and this is changing the way they view life with such role models. The toughness of masculinity is also reducing and even the modest of the males such as grooming which was previously considered a feminine thing is now being adapted by males with even product in the market for them.

History and Story Telling in Graham Swifts Waterland Essay -- Waterla

History and Story Telling in Graham Swifts WaterlandWaterland uses taradiddle, theory, and fictional biography to get by the question of history. The blurring of boundaries between history, story, and theory questions the construction of those boundaries as well as the closure and linear nature of traditional narrative. If Waterland has a beginning, it is far in the geological past, at a time when the continents began their slow journey to the positions they now occupy however, the novel itself does not begin at this beginning. Waterland moves forward and backward through geologic, historic, and biographic time. By denying the linearity and absolute authority of historical narrative, Swift leaves room for rupture and revision, for stories and nostalgia. The historical and biographical accounts provide a context for the philosophy and theory that the narrator interjects throughout the novel the philosophy and theory facilitate the leaps in time between geologic, historic, and biog raphic past. Swifts mingling of (what appears to be) a real geologic history of the fens and the fictional accounts of the Crick and Atkinson families blurs the boundaries between reality and fiction, turning history into fiction and placing fiction within a real historical account. (footer 1) Waterland, as a novel, makes the corresponding proposal that Tom Crick makes to his class to discover and reveal the purpose of history by telling a story. The study of semiotics shows that language is the indigenous mediator in the construction of reality. All systems of signification are dependent on language, and the development of subject position is determined through the act of speaking. (footnote 2) In a discussion of language functions, Fredric Jameson d... ... Tom Crick are purely fictional however, the possibility remains that they may be fictionalized biographical incidents based on events that occurred to or are known by the author, Graham Swift. This further complicates the blu rring of boundaries between fiction and reality. footnote 2 See the work of Jacques Lacan and Emile Benveniste.footnote 3 I am not limiting Tom Cricks subject position to only three possibilities I only offer these as three possibilities from a multiplicity. footnote 4 I am fascinated by the idea of Sarah Atkinsons stories and have been telling myself her possible stories. Were her mysterious appearances Sarahs stories come to life because she could not tell them? Did she retrieve another way to articulate her stories? Did she hear the stories others told and (re)tell them, inserting herself into the narrative?

Freedom for Women in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gillman

Freedom for Women in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gillman and The twaddle of an moment by Kate Chopin The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gillman and The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin are two feminist works in which liberation is the overlying theme. Both of the main characters achieve emancipation from their husbands oppression in these short stories however, freedom is only achieved through insanity in The Yellow Wallpaper and death in The Story of an Hour. The women in these stories are viewed as very powerful, as they do whatever it takes to free themselves from the oppressive holds of their husbands. Their strength proves these two short stories very influential works of feminism.Oppression is chief in the achievement of liberation in both short stories. Both of the narrators are oppressed by their husbands, and though they want to be happy, it is impossible due to the manner they are treated by their spouses. In ?The Yellow Wallpaper,? John, the na meless narrator?s husband, confines his wife to a room with barred windows and hideous yellow(a) wallpaper because she is ill. He does not allow her to exert herself physically or mentally, prevents her from seeing her friends and family and keeps her under intense scrutiny. While isolated in this room, she begins to go mad, believe that the wallpaper is somehow watching her, and eventually she believes she is a prisoner inside it. The narrator proves that her husband is oppressive when she reveals how afraid she is of him. She says, ?There comes John, and I must coiffure this away?he hates to have me write a word? (Gillman 41). Likewise, in Kate Chopin?s ?The Story of an Hour? it is perceived that the main character Louise Mallard is oppre... ...reedom proves to be the overlying theme in ?The Story of an Hour? and death is the way in which freedom is achieved in the short story.?The Yellow Wallpaper? and ?The Story of an Hour? are two feminist works that highlight the i mportance of freedom for women in the oppressive world of men. Freedom is not achieved normally in either of the short stories, but is gained through insanity and death. These two stories prove that women?s liberation is an extremely important issue, and the means by which these women gained their freedom is remarkable.Works CitedChopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. (1894). 31 Apr. 2003. http//www.4literature.net/Kate_Chopin/Story_of_an_Hour/Gillman, Charlotte Perkins. ?The Yellow Wallpaper.? The Yellow Wallpaper and Selected Stories of Charlotte Perkins Gillman. Newark University of Delaware Press, 1994.PID 0230