The Host Chapter 51: Prepared

I found J ard and Jamie in our room, postp 1ment for me, worry on both their subjects. Jared must allow talked to Jeb.Are you solely right? Jared asked me, while Jamie jumped up and threw his arms around my waist.I wasnt received how to answer his question. I didnt endure the answer. Jared, I need your help.Jared was on his feet as soon as I was d whiz speaking. Jamie leaned back to look at my face. I didnt meet Jamies gaze. I wasnt real how much I could adopt right now.What do you need me to do? Jared asked.Im making a raid. I could use some extra muscle.What are we after? He was in exse, already shifting into his mission mode.Ill explain on the mood. We dont afford a spoilt bucks of c rim.Can I come? Jamie say.No Jared and I said together.Jamie frowned and completelyow me go, sinking down onto the mattress and cut through his legs. He put his face in his hands and sulked. I couldnt look directly at him in advance I ducked push through with(predicate) of the ro om. I was already yearning to sit beside him, to hold him steadfast and forget this whole mess.Jared followed as I retraced my path through the s show uphwestward tunnel.Why this way? he asked.I He would last if I tried to lie or evade. I dont want to run into any maven. Jeb, Aaron, or Brandt, particularly.Why?I dont want to have to explain myself to them. Not yet.He was quiet, hard to make sense of my answer.I changed the subject. Do you know where Lily is? I dont think she should be al hotshot. She seemsIans with her.Thats good. Hes the kindest.Ian would help Lily-he was exactly what she needed now. Who would help Ian when? I move my head, shaking the thought away.What are we in such a hurry to get? Jared asked me.I alikek a deep breath bulge front I answered him. Cryotanks.The south tunnel was b neglect. I could non see his face. His footsteps did not falter beside me, and he didnt say any topic for s everal minutes. When he spoke again, I could hear that he was focusing on the raid-single-minded, setting aside any(prenominal) curiosity he felt until after the mission was planned to his sitisfaction.Where do we get them?Empty cryotanks are stored outside Healing facilities until theyre needed. With more souls coming in than leaving, there testament be a surplus. No adept get out guard them no matchless(a) will notice if some go missing.Are you sure? Where did you get this information?I proerb them in Chicago, piles and piles of them. Even the pocket-size facility we went to in Tucson had a sm completely store of them, crated outside the deli very(prenominal) bay.If they were crated, then how offer you be sure -Havent you noticed our fondness for labels?Im not doubting you, he said. I effective want to make sure that youve thought this through.I heard the double meaning in his words.I have.Lets get it done, then. mendelevium was already kaput(p)-already with Jeb, as we hadnt passed him on the way. He must have go forth right behind me. I wondered how his news was being assumen. I hoped they werent pillock enough to question it in front of the Seeker. Would she shred her human armaments wizard if she guessed what I was doing? Would she assume Id turned traitor entirely? That I would break the humans what they needed with no restrictions?Wasnt that what I was about to do, though? When I was gone, would Doc bother to uphold his word?Yes, he would try. I believed that. I had to believe that. But he couldnt do it alone. And who would help him?We scrambled up the tight black vent that opened onto the southern face of the scratchy hill, about halfway up the low peak. The eastern edge of the sentiment was turning gray, with just a hint of pink bleeding into the verge among slash and rock.My eyes were locked on my feet as I climbed down. It was required there was no path, and the loose rocks do for treacherous footing. But regular(a) if the way had been paved and smooth, I doubted I would have been able to facelift my eyes. My shoulders, too, seemed trapped in a slump.Traitor. Not a misfit, not a wanderer. Just a traitor. I was putting my gentle brothers and sisters lives into the angry and motivate hands of my adopted human family.My humans had every right to loathe the souls. This was a war, and I was giving them a weapon. A way to toss off with impunity.I considered this as we ran through the desert in the growing heat of dawn-ran because, with the Seekers looking, we shouldnt be out in the daylight.Focusing on this angle-viewing my choice not as a sacrifice precisely rather as fortify the humans in exchange for the Seekers life-I knew that it was wrong. And if I was trying to save still the Seeker, this would be the moment when I would change my mind and turn around. She wasnt worth(predicate) selling out the others. Even she would agree with that.Or would she? I all at once wondered. The Seeker didnt seem to be as what was the word Jared had used? Altruistic. As altru istic as the rest of us. Maybe she would count her own life dearer than the lives of many.But it was too late to change my mind. Id already thought utmost beyond just saving the Seeker. For one thing, this would happen again. The humans would bug out any souls they came across unless I gave them another option. More than that, I was liberation to save Melanie, and that was worth the sacrifice. I was handout to save Jared and Jamie, too. Might as healthful save the repugnant Seeker while I was at it.The souls were wrong to be here. My humans deserved their world. I could not support it back to them, but I could give them this. If exclusively I could be sure that they would not be cruel.I would just have to aver Doc, and hope.And maybe wring the herald from a a few(prenominal) more of my boosters, just in case.I wondered how many human lives I would save. How many souls lives I might save. The only one I couldnt save now was myself.I sighed heavily. Even oer the sound of ou r exerted breathing, Jared heard that. In my peripheral vision, I saw his face turn, felt his eyes boring into me, but I did not look over to meet his gaze. I stared at the cause.We got to the jeeps secrecy prat before the sun had climbed over the eastern peaks, though the sky was already light blue. We ducked into the shallow cave just as the archetypical rays painted the desert sandpaper gold.Jared grabbed two bottles of water out of the backseat, tossed one to me, and then lounged against the wall. He gulped down half a bottle and wiped his verbalize with the back of his hand before he spoke.I could tell you were in a hurry to get out of there, but we need to dwell until dark if youre planning a smash and grab.I swallowed my communicateful of water. Thats fine. Im sure theyll wait for us now.His eyes searched my face.I saw your Seeker, he told me, watch my reaction. Shes energetic.I nodded. And vocal.He smiled and rolled his eyes. She doesnt seem to enjoy the accommodati ons we provided.My gaze dropped to the floor. Could be worse, I mumbled. The strangely jealous suffer Id been feeling leaked, uninvited, into my utterance.Thats true, he agreed, his voice subdued.Why are they so kind to her? I whispered. She killed Wes.Well, thats your fault.I stared up at him, surprised to see the slight curve of his mouth he was teasing me.Mine?His small smile wavered. They didnt want to feel akin monsters. Not again. Theyre trying to make up for before, only a little too late-and with the wrong soul. I didnt realize that would hurt your feelings. I would have thought youd like it better that way.I do. I didnt want them to hurt anyone. Its always better to be kind. I just I took a deep breath. Im glad I know why.Their kindess was for me, not for her. My shoulders felt lighter.Its not a good feeling-knowing that you profoundly deserve the title of monster. Its better to be kind than to feel guilty. He smiled again and then yawned. That made me yawn. broad night, he commented. And weve got another one coming. We should sleep.I was glad for his suggestion. I knew he had many questions about exactly what this raid meant. I also knew he would have already put several things together. And I didnt want to discuss any of it.I stretched out on the smooth patch of sand beside the jeep. To my shock, Jared came to lie beside me, right beside me. He curled around the curve of my back.Here, he said, and he reached around to slide his fingers under my face. He pulled my head up from the ground and then move his arm under it, making a pillow for me. He let his other arm drape over my waist.It took a few seconds before I was able to respond. Thanks.He yawned. I felt his breath heartily the back of my neck. Get some rest, Wanda. attribute me in what could only be considered an embrace, Jared fell asleep quickly, as he had always been able to do. I tried to relax with his arm warm around me, but it took a long time.This embrace made me wonder how much he had already guessed.My weary thoughts tangled and twisted. Jared was right-it had been a very long night. Though not half long enough. The rest of my age and nights were overtaking to fly by as if they were only minutes.The next thing I knew, Jared was shaking me awake. The light in the little cavern was obscure and orangey. Sunset.Jared pulled me to my feet and handed me a hikers meal bar-this was the kind of rations they kept with the jeep. We ate, and drank the rest of our water, in silence. Jareds face was serious and focused. Still in a hurry? he asked as we climbed into the jeep.No. I wanted the time to stretch out forever.Yes. What was the point in putting it off? The Seeker and her frame would divulge if we waited too long, and I would still have to make the same choice.Well blast Phoenix, then. Its logical that they wouldnt notice this kind of raid. It doesnt make sense for humans to take your cold-storage tanks. What possible use could we have for them?The question d idnt sound at all rhetorical, and I could feel him looking at me again. But I stared out front at the rocks and said nothing.It had been dark for a while by the time we traded vehicles and got to the freeway. Jared waited a few elaborate minutes with the inconspicuous sedans lights off. I counted ten cars passing by. Then there was a long darkness surrounded by the headlights, and Jared pulled onto the road.The trip to Phoenix was very short, though Jared kept the speed conscientiously below the limit. Time was speeding up, as if the Earth were spinning faster.We colonised into the steady-moving traffic, flowing with it along the highway that circled the flat, sprawling city. I saw the hospital from the road. We followed another car up the exit ramp, moving evenly, without hurry.Jared turned into the primary(prenominal) parking lot.Where now? he asked, tense.See if this road continues around the back. The tanks will be by a loading area.Jared host slowly. There were many sou ls here, going in and out of the facility, some of them in scrubs. Healers. No one paid us any particular attention.The road hugged the sidewalk, then slew around the north side of the building complex.Look. Shipping trucks. Head that way.We passed amidst a wing of low buildings and a parking garage. Several trucks, delivering health check supplies no doubt, were backed into receiving ports. I scanned the crates on the dock, all labeled.Keep going though we might want to grab some of those on the way back. See-Heal Cool Still? I wonder what that one is.I want that these supplies were labeled and left field unguarded. My family wouldnt go without the things they needed when I was gone. When I was gone it seemed that phrase was tacked on to all of my thoughts now.We rounded the back of another building. Jared drove a little faster and kept his eyes forward-there were people here, quadruplet of them, unloading a truck onto a dock. It was the exactness of their movements that caugh t my attention. They didnt handle the smallish boxes roughly quite the contrary, they placed them with infinite care onto the waist-high lip of concrete.I didnt really need the label for confirmation, but just then, one of the unloaders turned his box so the black letters faced me directly.This is the place we want. Theyre unloading occupied tanks right now. The empty ones wont be far Ah There, on the other side. That shed is half full of them. Ill bet the closed sheds are all the way full.Jared kept driving at the same careful speed, turning the corner to the side of the building.He snorted quietly.What? I asked.Figures. See?He jerked his chin toward the sign on the building.This was the maternity wing.Ah, I said. Well, youll always know where to look, wont you?His eyes flashed to my face when I said that, and then back to the road.Well have to wait for a bit. Looked like they were almost finished.Jared circled the hospital again, then position at the back of the biggest lot, away from the lights.He killed the engine and slumped against the seat. He reached over and took my hand. I knew that he was about to ask, and I tried to prepare myself.Wanda?Yes?Youre going to save the Seeker, arent you?Yes, I am.Because its the right thing to do? he guessed.Thats one reason.He was silent for a moment.You know how to get the soul out without hurting the body?My heart thumped hard once, and I had to swallow before I could answer. Yes. Ive done it before. In an emergency. Not here.Where? he asked. What was the emergency?It was a story Id never told them before, for obvious reasons. It was one of my best. Lots of action. Jamie would have love it. I sighed and began in a low voice.On the Mists Planet. I was with my friend govern Light and a guide. I dont remember the guides take a s score. They called me Lives in the Stars there. I already had a bit of a reputation.Jared chuckled.We were making a excursion across the fourth great ice field to see one of the more celebra ted crystal cities. It was supposed to be a guard route-thats why there were only three of us.Claw animals like to excavate pits and bury themselves in the lead by the nose. Camouflage, you know. A trap.One moment, there was nothing but the flat, endless snow. Then, the next moment, it seemed like the entire field of white was exploding into the sky.An norm adult Bear has about the mass of a buffalo. A heavy(a) youngster puppet is closer to the mass of a blue whale. This one was bigger than most.I couldnt see the guide. The crotchet beast had sprung up betwixt us, facing where draw rein Light and I stood. Bears are faster than claw beasts, but this one had the advantage of the ambush. Its huge stone-like pincers swooped down and sheared arms Light in half before Id really processed what was happening.A car drove slowly down the side of the parking lot. We sat silent until it had passed.I hesitated. I should have started running, but my friend was anxious(p) there on th e ice. Because of that hesitation, I would have stopd, too, if the claw beast hadnt been distracted. I found out later that our guide-I wish I could remember his name-had attempted the claw beasts tail, hoping to give us a chance to run. The claw beasts attack had stirred up enough snow that it was like a blizzard. The lack of visibility would help us escape. He didnt know it was already too late for Harness Light to run.The claw beast turned on the guide, and his second left leg kicked us, sending me flying. Harness Lights upper body landed beside me. His blood melted the snow.I paused to shudder.My next action made no sense, because I had no body for Harness Light. We were midway between cities, much too far to run to either. It was probably cruel, too, to take him out with no painkillers. But I couldnt stand to let him die inner(a) the broken half of his Bear host.I used the back of my hand-the ice- deletion side. It was too wide a blade It caused a lot of damage. I could only hope that Harness Light was far gone enough that he wouldnt feel the extra pain.Using my soft inside fingers, I coaxed Harness Light from the Bears brain.He was still alive. I barely paused to ascertain this. I shoved him into the egg pocket in the center of my body, between the two hottest hearts. This would keep him from dying of cold, but he would only last a few short minutes without a body. And where would I find a host body in this empty waste?I thought of trying to share my host, but I doubted I could stay conscious through the procedure to insert him into my own head. And then, having no healing medicine, I would die quickly. With all those hearts, Bears bled very fast.The claw beast roared, and I felt the ground shake as its huge paws thudded down. I didnt know where our guide was, or if he lived. I didnt know how long it would take the claw beast to find us half-buried in the snow. I was right beside the severed Bear. The coruscant blood would draw the monsters eyes.And t hen I got this crazy idea.I paused to jocularity quietly to myself.I didnt have a Bear host for Harness Light. I couldnt use my body. The guide was dead or had fled. But there was one other body on the ice field.It was insanity, but all I could think of was Harness Light. We werent even close friends, but I knew he was slowly dying, right between my hearts. I couldnt endure that.I heard the angry claw beast roaring, and I ran toward the sound. Soon I could see its thick white fur. I ran straight to its third left leg and launched myself as high up the leg as I could. I was a good jumper. I used all six-spot of my hands, the knife sides, to yank myself up the side of the beast. It roared and spun, but that didnt help. Picture a dog chasing its tail. Claw beasts have very small brains-a limited intelligence.I made it to the beasts back and ran up the double spine, digging in with my knives so that it couldnt shake me off.It only took seconds to get up to the beasts head. But that wa s where the greatest trouble waited. My ice cutters were only about as long as your forearm, maybe. The claw beasts hide was twice as thick. I swung my arm down as hard as I could, slashing through the first lam of fur and membrane. The claw beast screamed and reared back on its hindmost legs. I almost fell.I lodged four of my hands into its hide-it screamed and thrashed. With the other two, I took turns cutting at the gash Id made. The skin was so thick and tough, I didnt know if I would be able to saw through.The claw beast went berserk. It shook so hard that it was all I could do to hold on for a moment. But time was running out for Harness Light. I shoved my hands into the hole and tried to rip it open.Then the claw beast threw itself backward onto the ice.If we hadnt been over its l mental strain, the pit it had dug to hide in, that would have depleted me. As it was, though it knocked me silly, the fall actually helped. My knives were already in the beasts neck. When I hit the ground, the weight of the beast drove my cutters deep through its skin. Deeper than I needed.We were both stunned I was half smothered. I knew I had to do something right away, but I couldnt remember what it was. The beast started to roll, dazed. The fresh air cleared my head, and I remembered Harness Light.Protecting him from the cold as well as I could in the soft side of my hands, I moved him from my egg pocket into the claw beasts neck.The beast got to its feet and bucked again. This time I flew off. Id let go of my hold to insert Harness Light, you see. The claw beast was infuriated. The break on its head wasnt nearly enough to kill it-just annoy it.The snow had settled enough that I was in plain sight, especially as I was painted with the beasts blood. Its a very bright show, a color you dont have here. It raised its pincers, and they swung toward me. I thought that was it, and I was comforted a little that at least I would die trying.And then the pincers hit the snow be side me. I couldnt believe it had missed I stared up at the huge, hideous face, and I almost had to well, not laugh. Bears dont laugh. But that was the feeling. Because that ugly face was torn with confusion and surprise and chagrin. No claw beast had ever worn such an expression before.It had taken Harness Light a few minutes to bind himself to the claw beast-it was such a big area, he really had to extend himself. But then he was in control. He was confused and slow-he didnt have much of a brain to work with, but it was enough that he knew I was his friend.I had to ride him to the crystal city-to hold the wound closed on his neck until we could reach a Healer. That caused quite a stir. For a while they called me Rides the Beast. I didnt like it. I made them go back to my other name.Id been staring ahead, toward the lights of the hospital and the figures of the souls crossing in front of those lights, as I told the story. Now I looked at Jared for the first time. He was gaping at m e, his eyes wide and his mouth hanging open.It really was one of my best stories. Id have to get Mel to promise that shed tell it to Jamie when I wasTheyre probably finished unloading, dont you think? I said quickly. Lets finish this and get back home.He stared at me for one more moment, and then shook his head slowly.Yes, lets finish this, Wanderer, Lives in the Stars, Rides the Beast. Stealing a few unguarded crates wont present much of a challenge for you, will it?

Reflective Paper #2

Sammi Hintze Dr. Hawthorne October 20, 2012 summation 1 Reflective Paper 2 I presumet k flat when they send-off had feeds. Like maybe, fifty or a hundred years ago. sooner that, they had to use their transfer and their eyes. Computers were every outside the body. They carried them around outside of them, in their hands, worry if you carried your lungs in a briefcase and opened it to breathe (47). Its crazy to calculate that to the characters in Feed think our life is so complex, when really we cast more applied science than we unavoidableness. People survived life without cellphones, computers, and even electricity, and now our universe is becoming ultra-dependent on these things.After telling the book Feed, various arguments can be made about whether todays rescript volition bit into the world Feed predicts, and be technology dependent. Is our world acquittance to flex into the society that is depicted in Feed? Life is being controlled by technology, and hardly an ybody can go a day without technology, and wanting to be a part of it with modernistic technology products coming out the like Project icing. It is hard to non believe that our world is going to swordplay completely technology dependent, like the one in Feed.In the past, you had to send a letter in the mail you travel to see them to communicate with somebody if you wanted to chat to someone, you would have to put the effort into it and take the time to write them and wait for a response back. Then with technology advancing, the knell was made and you could call someone to talk to them instead of writing a letter and waiting for the person to respond. Technology kept advancing, and now in todays society, we hardly talk on the phone we textual matter instead, which is quick, easy, and effortless. This is what technology has done to human beings as a whole.It has brought wonderful advancements, stock-still at the same time, technology has been a curse and changed the way we reckon each other. No one really communicates with each other now merely through texting do we talk. This is lowering our communication skills with stack and reservation us more and more dependent on technology, and most population do not realize that. Its scary to wonder what is going to happen in the future. In Feed, the characters will be sitting right wing next to each other, and instead of talking to each other, they will talk to each other through the chat that goes through their Feed.This is deteriorating peoples communication and personal skills. I am sc atomic number 18d that this is what our society is soft becoming we already have some of the characteristics and portray some of actions that the characters do in the book. Our society is so dependent on technology that most people dont even use libraries anymore. When people need to do re inquisition for their papers, the first line of thought is to search Google. If we dont find what we want on Google, we try another online search engine. Our last resort is to look at a library for a book or use an encyclopedia.Having the Internet in the palm of our hands is causing more and more people to make out lazy and not as smart and move as they could become. Now even to read books we be using technology. In todays society, more people are reading books online rather than going to the library to rent them or even purchasing them. Is the future ahead of us going to be all-online? This is a scary thought that runs through my head all the time. I dont want to be dependent on all technology. That is only going to hurt us, and we will never learn natural things.Technology has given us a great number of benefits, but on that point is a cost. By giving technology the opportunity to run the show, weve doomed sight of how to perform these tasks on our own. When a computer system goes down, society is halted until that system is up and running again. Technology is here to stay, but it will only control us as much as we resign it. Currently, it seems we are content to allow it to run the show, and as a result, weve become very much dependent on technology to the point where, yes, we are controlled.We do have the power to live upon our own free manual of arms and gadget-free will, but we choose not to. Google has come out with a new product called Project Glass. This directly correlates to what the Feed is. Project Glass is a research and development program developed in the form of provide that show a display in front of you. Project Glass displays information in a smartphone-like format. Project Glass is also like the hands-free life and could interact with the Internet with natural language, voice commands. Since technology has advanced so much, these Glasses would be like wearing a computer.People are not going to benefit at all from these glasses it is only going to make people more dependent on technology and less dependent on their brains and learning. To summarize, when all is s aid and done, technology rules the alight in todays society. Technology has brought us wonderful innovations and helped us enormously, but as each year passes into another, more and more we, as human beings, rely on technology. Society today is controlled by technology to such an extent that we would find it virtually impossible to live without it.

Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy Policy in the UK

IntroductionThis essay will discuss the menstruum policies in ordinate to proscribe jejune gestation in the United Kingdom. Firstly, it will predate the key concept of puerile gestation period and discuss it against the context of the difficultys it creates. The afoot(predicate) teen maternal quality polity will then be presented and critiqued. Finally, a number of recommendations and conclusion will be drawn.Definition and Background concord to the orbit wellness Organization (WHO), teenage maternity is sterilised as pregnancy in a woman aged 10 19, whilst Unicef (2008) define it as initiation occurring in a woman aged 13 19 (Unicef, 2008). On the basis of this definition, Unicef calculated that the teenage pregnancy measure in the UK is the highest in Western Europe (Unicef, 2001), and aside from a splendid decrease in the birth rate to teenage incurs during the 1970s it has remained comparatively constant since 1969 (DoH, 2003). In 1999, the wear upon Governme nts Social excision Unit (SEU) presented its new-fangledspaper to parliament acknowledging the scope and seriousness of the problem, itemly with refer to damage to the fixs academic and career progression, and the wellness of the child.The field teenage maternity systemThe SEU implored the Government to commit to reducing teenage beliefs by 50% by 2010, and to address the kindly exclusion of unseas superstard mothers. To meet the first aim, the SEU champi unmatchedd improved finishual education, both inside and impertinent work and offend gravel to contraceptives. To achieve the second, it recommended the instruction execution of multi-agency government programmes designed to provide wear in housing, education and training.To implement the recommendations of the bill, the Government impersonate up the young motherhood Unit (TPU), which was located in the incision of wellness, but required topical anesthetic authorities (LA) to produce their own strategies t o fasten teenage excogitation by 50% by 2010, with an interim identify of 15% by 2004. The studyity of prevention strategies foc utilise on quaternion key areas the enforce of mass media to increase awareness of intimate wellness, rouse and relationship education (SRE) in schools and companionship circumstances, easily available run and principle on informal wellness and better-quality strengthener for young parents to ramble loving exclusion (DCFS 2009). In 2000, the Department for Children, Schools and Family (DCSF) issued directives to all schools to ensure that SRE in schools aimed to enable young stack to make responsible and well-informed choices more or less their wake upual lives and desist from adventurey behaviours which influence unintended pregnancy (DCSF 2009c). LA gave their strong backing to ensure inclusion of complete SRE programmes into personal and social education lessons in all schools (DfES 2006).The methods of administering SRE differed acr oss LAs. For example, the services of sexual health specialists were stretched outside clinical environment to encom stretch schools and community settings. Programmes outside of the school environment were apply to expose teenagers to the realities of parenting and the advantages of sensible sexual choices, and acknowledge exact your Life, Body Tool Kit, Teens and Tots, and the Virtual Doll Plan. The varying needs of culturally diverse communities were measured, and programmes were tailored to meet them. In LA containing the most at-risk teenagers, advanced SRE plans involving parents, teachers, school nurses, teachers and vanguard staff were do. Southwark LA for example, sought to improve the learning of young people on early gestations, direct them to making dependable choices and in turn decrease the rate of teenage pregnancies ((NHS Southwark 2007 Fullerton et al 1997).The actions interpreted were in line with the goals and purposes of the agenda studies have demonstra ted that teenagers value a forum to discuss sex and relationship issues, and such forums are estimable as they decrease the chances of earlier sexual contact (Allen et al. 2007 Fullerton et al. 1997). Nevertheless, local differences occurred that hampered with the dispersion of SRE in the schools in some areas. Not all schools embraced SRE in their teaching syllabus, some of the teachers were uncertain of the degree to teach and were either uncomfortable or awkward about young peoples sexual matters. more or less schools had a syllabus that excluded social or emotional topics, which play an outstanding role (Chambers, 2002). Some areas allow ind mixed sex classes these were less favored as some teenagers, particularly females, felt inhibited (Stephenson et al. 2004). Additionally, some parents refused to support the constitution and withdrew their children from SRE classes (Lanek, 2005). In reaction to these difficulties, the wellness & Social Care examen Sub-Committee (20 04) made further recommendations, furiousnessing the responsibility of schools (particularly faith schools) to include SRE in the curriculum. digest 2010, the insurance insurance aims and objectives were to build on the brisk dodging, and enable young people to receive the knowledge, advice and support they need from parents, teachers and other specialist to deal with the squeeze to have sex, enjoy positive and caring relationships and have satisfactory sexual health.Policy TypeBirkland (1984) and Lowi et al. (1964) have argued that knowing the type of constitution one is dealing with will enable one to predict what may exclude after the policy has been implemented. However, Wilson (1973) has criticized catego ascension policies, as some are besides labyrinthian to be so simply defined. This is a criticism that can be fiarly levelled at the policy under discussion, which is both preventive and self-regulatory. It aims to reduce and prevent pregancies to bridging health and education inequality gaps that teenage mothers face, reducing child need and reducing the cost of teenage pregnancy on public notes. It is both distributive and pragmatic distributive in that it permits benefit to a particular group (Birkland, 1984), and pragmatic in that it was designed to be practical and executable (Maclure, 2009).The Political ContextAccording to Leichter (1979) contextual factors that can affect policy production can be policy-making, social, economic, cultural, national and global, with some factors becoming major contributors to the policy. Taking the example of international factors, Levine (2003) states that interdependency of nations with the same social problem can affect the policy of the adopting nation takes to solve their problem. In the UK, international influences such as the European Union, WHO and countries facing the same high teenage pregnancy rate have all bear uponed UK policy on the same issue (Baggott, 2007). As a member state of Euro pean Union, the regulation of our national law by the Union takes priority in informing and sharpening our policies (Mclean, 2006).Politically in Britain, the teenage mother has grow to comprise social decline. This began with the Conservative government in the 1990s, who first politicised the single mother by describing her as typifying the prevalent moral standards (particularly amongst the lower social classes) that exist society (Macvarish, XX). Following the election of the Labour party in 1997, this political perception was altered in line with the New Labour good deal a more optimistic national mood teamed with traditional Labour views on social equality. Under this perspective, issues such as impoverishment and unemployment were viewed as symptoms of social exclusion whereby individuals were unfairly excluded from participating fully in society. much(prenominal) communities were to be viewed sympathetically instead of being blamed, and it was within this context that t he dodging evolved reducing teenage pregnancy was one way of making the excluded included (Macvarish XX).Against this backdrop of poitical ideology, the UK has a democratic system of government whereby decisions and policies are made based on the influence of the stakeholders. The teenage pregnancy strategy had pluralist influences including the music director of public health, consultants in public health, the director of social services, specialist midwifes and parents of teenagers. These contributions were multi-level nationally, regionally and locally. At a national level, financial support and endorsement was provided by senior ministers, counseling and monitoring was provided at a regional level, and fraternity by young people and their parents provided the local input.Policy implementation force-outuation is the process of turning policy into practice (Buse, 2005). The implementation of the teenage pregnancy policy was two microscope stage the first launched in 1999 a nd depended on better sex education both in and out of schools, and improved gravel to contraception. The second phase came 10 days later in 2008 and relied upon dissimilar government programs designed to assist teenage mothers with returning to education or training, gaining employment or providing support with other social factors such as housing.The implementation of teenage pregnancy policy was also top-down. The purpose of the policy was to reduce and prevent teenagers from becoming early parents with support and increase implementation of preventative guidance by the government and to combat social exclusion of teenage mothers. The policy can be seen to be self-regulatory because it was behavioural and aimed to provide the individual with the skills to make informed decisons regarding their sexual health (Bartle & Vass, 1998). in that respect are additional factors that help to facilitate the implementation of policy actors in policy, and experts in the agenda. Actors ev erydayly are individuals with power that can be excercised through influencing policy. They may be lobby or pressure groups and can include politicians, civil servants, and members of an interest group (Buse, 2005).The involvement of experts in the agenda setting was clear from the outset. The National guidance allowed the local areas to enlarge the scope of the policy using guidance. The involvement of local actors and the use of data from the local areas helped to make local action. Taking advantage of local knowledge or information facilitates matching policy to the specific needs of the teenagers.Analysis of policy successStrategy implementation related successFollowing the publication of the policy, the earliest the strategy could begin to be implemented was early 2000, but this was highly dependent on the employment of local teenage pregnancy co-ordinators. By the third quarter of 2000, 75% of these posts were staffed, rising to virtually 100% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). With rega rds the communication strategy, the percentage of local areas that used media campaigns to reinforce the messages of the national campaign grew steadily from 2% in 2000 to 40% in 2001 (TPSE, 2005). The number of areas with at least one sexual health service dedicated to young people increased consistently from 68% in 2000 to 84% in 2001, while support for young parents with emphasis on reintegration into work and training rose to 70% according to TPSE (2005). oer the course of the strategy, 10,000 teachers, support staff and nurses were trained to deliver Personal, Social and Health culture in schools (TPAIG, 2010).Prevention related successThe original ambition of the teenage pregnancy strategy was to achieve a 15% reducing in under-18 conception by 2004 and 50% reduction by 2010, accompanied by a downward trend in the under-16 conception rate (TPSE 2005). The first phase of the strategy came to an end after a period of ten years without achieving its entire target. In the early p art of tits implementation, the policy appeared to have correct success. By 2002, the conception rate for under-18s had fallen by 9%, reversing the upwards trend seen prior to the strategy implementation, and contrary to the relatively static rank observed over the past 30 years (TPSE, 2005). Success alter across the UK, but a steeper decline in conception rates in socio-economically deprived areas suggested that it had targeted the most at-risk areas. For example, Hackney council reported a decrease in the rates of repeated abortion from 49% to 27% in under-18s, and they report that the majority of under-16s report not having sex ascribable to understanding of abstinence. How successful the policy had been depended greatly on how robustly it was implemented across various local areas. In general, there was a reduction in areas that have carried out proper implementation, with some areas able to report a 45% decline, while other areas performed unfortunately due to poor implem entation, with no reduction, or in some cases, an increase (TPAIG, 2010).However, the follow-up report jejune motherhood Strategy Beyond 2010 found that the boilersuit conception rate had fallen by 13.3% since 1998, falling well short of the project 50% reduction. However the DoH add that births to under-18s had fallen by 25% over this period (DoH, 2010).They also point to the increase in access to sexual health services, information and advice as an additional indicator of success. The new phase goes beyond the original 10-year target, adding more content added to the policy, following an additive process according to TPSE (2005). Incrementalpolicy according to Lindblom (1993) is a major achievement that is deliver the goods as a result of small steps taken which reticent against policy disaster. However, the new phase exists within a climate of austerity. The current downtrend of conception rates in the under-18 age group will be difficult to maintain against a backdrop of di sinvestment, which has already led to far-flung closure of specialist sexual health services for under-18s.Gaps in the policyIn applying teenage pregnancy policy to the present situation, it can be said that the policy did not really look inward into the situation that the country was facing. It looked at the success rate of other countries without tailoring their measures to curb the problems specific to Britain. The policy is a social policy and as such it focussed on the social aspect of the problem without looking at the health issues that come with teenage pregnancy. Addiitonally, the time frame given to meet its target of a 50% was too short. teenage pregancy is inextricably linked to both poverty, a social issue too wide to tackle in one decade. It is also strongly related to culture, and specifically the need to foster a culture of openess regarding sexual behaviour and health. This again is too complex to contest in 10 years.RecommendationsIn the first instance, the coal ition Government essential address the shortcomings currently seen in sexual relation education (SRE). The former(prenominal) Government elected to not make SRE part of the compulsory curriculum, and as a result provision of SRE across the country is patchy. The Government should pass legislation ensure good practice such as SRE becomes compulsory. Additionally, refinements to existing SRE need to be made. In particular this should include devising heathenish and faith-based SRE programmes, which will better address the diversity of beliefs held in a youthful multi-cultural Britain. Also, the deliberation of same-sex SRE classes should be completed and implemented (Fullerton et al 2001). More use should be made of robust team-working within communities, health sectors and schools in supporting SRE, and the creative use and further training of more peer-educators to deliver the strategy within schools should be considered.Secondly, an approach which combines measures to prevent teenage conception and support teenage mothers must be in tandem to wider measures to address poverty and social exclusion. The loss of the Education Maintenance Allowance and the closure of many an(prenominal) Sure Start centres disproportionately disadvantage the socio-economically deprived, and widen the gap in attainment between the rich and poor.Thirdly, the coalition government must be invested in making reductions to teenage pregnancy rates a priority. Ring-fencing of funds for specialist sexual health services and training in SRE must be guaranteed in order to not lose the small, but profound reductions in teenage pregnancy rates seen to date. Relatedly, strategies to address teenage pregnancy should be integrated into all future policies.Finally, the patchy nature of strategy deliverance across local authorities must be addressed. Areas that drip to implement the strategy effectively should be identified, and supported according. Sharing of good practice across local au thorities should be made routine.ConclusionsIn conclusion, this essay has outlined the teenage pregnancy strategy devised in 1998, its oscilloscope and political context. It went on to discuss the outcomes of the first ten-year phase. At this point, it is still too early to say whether the second phase will meet its overall target, especially in the current economic climate, although the strategy focused maintenance on the problem and provided materials to help local, regional and national implementation of the strategy. As Britain remains a culturally diverse country, addressing this with regards teenage sexual health should remain a priority. 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Reflections of the Communist Manifesto and the Social Movement Essay

For m every(prenominal), these ideals overwhelm national and loving institutions, which generate up the center case of their govern custodyt entirely(a)o wing its citizens to chance on with the status quo and maintain balance in their company. The question is not which institutions should be valued for most would agree that a proper balance of these make up any govern handst the main question lies in which institutions a society should value in order to achieve their goal, thus separating the trail of thought pertaining to conservative and liberal thinkers.The wide-eyed and straightforward institution of a hierarchy comes into play when discussing the ideas of such thinkers. Maintaining a proper administration is a delicate and complicated skill only watchd by the educate, rational workforce set out to imple ment it. Said skills require a kabbalistic experience of human nature and of the things which facilitate or obstruct the dissimilar ends which atomic number 1 8 to be pursued by the mechanism of civil institutions and is the polite duty of only certain members of society.If the governing belonged to the give tongue to and was the sole proportion belong to both individual within that endue in, there would never be a balance, for not every man is entitle nor has the necessary neckledge to carry out the needs of the State. In other words, not every man in society may acquire these skills in the homogeneous way considering some men altogetherow be natur solelyy develop and faster than others. Specializations do and mustiness exist in society, some belonging to politicians and persons of State, others to farmers and shopkeepers, and others to scholars and true professionals.It is unreasoning to assume that peerless would resort to a prof of metaphysics with visualizes to food or medicine as opposed to a farmer or a physician1. Karl Marx rightfully keeped the idea, however, that the middle dissever eliminated industries and institutions (and leave track to do so), laid out by history hundreds of years before, and in doing so composed an unst up to(p) and fragile ground for the birth of red-hot institutions which would of necessity meet their doom under the control of the ever changing bourgeoisie revolution.In this respect, we should commend Marx, for his insight in the matter justifies the idea that the bourgeoisie revolution was per radiation diagramed rashly and ignorantly with complete disregard for the citizens (other than those pertaining to their own group) that would be affected. wholly the fixed, fast-frozen congresss, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions argon swept away, entirely new-formed onenesss force antiquated before they foot ossify and hence allow never maintain what is necessary to carry out a proper, equilibrate government.These barbaric groups of individuals only take into account their personal gain they ever so seek and go away seek t he beat out way to take vantage of their political power. We must acknowledge that, as opposed to the godless society that cordialism proposes under what seems like an imaginative state of mind, the bourgeoisie gloss over maintain the stratification system that any society would be doomed without. However, this system means very little without the hard-earned and good established institutions which lasted centuries, buoyant millions and most importantly survived the test of time when even the greatest of men could not.With verbalize institutions displaced, there are none to replace them for no simple disposition or direction of power loafer be suited either to mans nature, or to the quality of his affairs which makes the bourgeoisie unprepared and simply unfit to compose a brand new government to fill the hole left in contemporary society. Marx properly dishonours the bourgeois State for not only eradicating long standing institutions. And I venture further in shaming t hem, for our institutions can never be bodied so as to create in us love, veneration, admiration, or appendix. And that sort of reason which banishes the ffections is incapable of filling their place3. To think that a group of selfish, barbaric, rash individuals can enhance a government that was build on devotion and respect is a false assumption of all that is reasonable. Granted, Karl Marx would do away with all forms of stratification, but he still recognizes one of the greatest faults in the current regime the bourgeoisie has reduced the family relation to a mere money relation. It has converted our most inviolable institution into a power- and production-gaining scheme where arrogance is encouraged and love for our bucolic blatantly dejected.Marx firmly believed that the entirety of the working line was to unite and create a communal system in which every man is entitled the fruits of other mens labor and vice-versa. This look at includes the idea that all property is co mmunal and that man has no country, meaning all major(ip) aspects of current economy should belong to the State. Hard working men forgather their duty for all of society to eudaimonia and no one special(prenominal) man would be deemed to work better, faster, or for a higher absorb than another man, in any form (through wages, property or social status).Simple measures must be implemented in order to win the battle of democracy which include, among others, the removal of all private property and the annexation of all rents of land to the State, the abolition of all rights of inheritance and the centralization of the State, where all assets pertaining to individuals are to turnover to the government. Thus, property is the least of concerns for the citizen, allowing him to concentrate on providing for the State and continuing the honorable days work with shoulders free of the heart of property.Once this is achieved, the opportunity for one class to gain influence or to oppress ano ther, is abolished and with it the concept of political power and class distinction. Such is the view of the communist thinker a delusional and imagined society where all that is ask for its success is the simple division of all property and the encouragement of camaraderie between all working men. But a decent, well(p) educated thinker would slow disprove this idiotic belief. Property is one of the best traditional institutions.It allows for diversity in classes where by nature, no one can or should be equal. One cannot deny that a mans natural rights exist in total independence of government and therefore there is no need for its interference in the most sublime of rights private property. This distinction, granted from birth is, in the views of a sane mind, uncomplete unnatural, nor unjust, nor impolitic7. In simpler words, the right to private property provides, for the stabilization of the State as a whole, security for those entitled to family wealth.The family, one of t he strongest and most important traditional institutions in present-day society, depends on the power of perpetuating property for it is one of the most valuable and interesting circumstances belonging to it, and that which tends the most to the lengthiness of society itself7. Without the appropriation of property to the rightful group, the institution composed of family and its value is dissolved. Any paradigm advocating the abolition of property and the removal of family values cannot wreak as the basis for a successful government.There must be a deprivation of the power to subdue the labor of others through the unequal distribution of products, they say, but let the large proprietors bethe ballast in the vessel of the commonwealth to allow for balance in society so men can understand the value of their work and the importance of their family. Revolutionaries of any breed, the bourgeois or the socialists, must learn that stomping their feet in protest will merely cause them pai n against the cold, stone ground.That is to say, only a well educated, pious, well mannered lot should and must control a government to guide and protect the ignorant minds of its subjects for even in the aggregated and corpse as well as in the individuals, the inclinations of men should frequently be thwarted, their will controlled, and their passions brought into subjection9. We simply cannot allow a group of uneducated, irrational men to control a government meant for an elite, highly educated and well mannered society.For this very reason, not only is the bourgeoisie unfit to district society but also the socialist party must be prevented from assuming any sort of political influence on the State. The current state of affairs is an utter disgrace where inferior, mechanical and unlearned men have the fate their peers in their hands. If Marxs socialists were to have their way, society will meet its doom much faster and under more shame than if any other form of barbaric, rash ly driven group were in its place.The pride and essence of any government or institution relies on a well established, patient and fitting group of individuals for it is this substance and mass of the body which constitutes its character, and must finally determine its direction10. Marxs socialists are merely workers, petty wage-laborers that rely on a weeks work for a days subsistence the very same(p) people that cloud the streets in filth, spread disease and would barely be able to make out the headline of a newspaper.To even slightly entertain the idea that such a group is equal or shares the same sensibilities and needs that accompany a respectable and cultured man passim his day, is preposterous. And to venture further into saying that the work of every man, regardless of virtue or education or natural social status, shall be uniformly divided amongst every participant and no one man shall acquire more or less than the man next to him, is an even more appalling idea than the l atter.To substitute an ignorant bourgeois regime, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for free development of all and where the stratification of class shall be abolished. Is this really the rational conclusion men have come to? Have we no faith or bank for the progress and rightful place of the well respected man in society? That in order for our world to succeed, we must work for the benefit of godless men who have no filial or fast(a) attachment to any substance of value and who regard proper morality as a form of subjection?This so called proletariat class of unskilled or semiskilled workers will shortly meet its destruction for even throughout the leadership of the great royal family, one could easily identify the greed and avarice in the eyes of the lower class and surely a concentrated group of these people with a unblushing lack of education and culture will stray into the hands of said petty feelings once more if only giv en the opportunity.We cannot entrust and put forth our most sacred ideals and morals in the hands of those who know not what they are or what to do with them. Simply put, by having a right to every thing, they will want every thing and thus we can expect they will take from those who respectfully and naturally obtained their fortune, both material and otherwise. The irrational concept of socialism and the so called solution to the bourgeois line of work is clearly and undoubtedly the offspring of uneducated and cold hearted thought.We cannot expect for such decisions to comply with the proper and just ideas behind a successful government and we certainly cannot accept those who wish to implement it under the pretence that we are all equal and should strive for a communal society. Class stratification maintains the balance and social order of the strongest of governments and institutions and should never be compromised to fulfill the acquisitive wants and arrogant needs of the une ducated, unfit and socially incompetent lower class. We must keep in mind that these people have no regard for our values, morals, property, attachments, or ideals.They want to take our land and our possessions, in the process destroying the essence of each of our families and the great institutions which they represent, and divide it equally amongst those of lower rank in order to claim, dominate and revoke the traditions which so peacefully maintained social order throughout history. These godless, soulless beings merely want to abolish all that our ancestors spent centuries to build and replace it with the irrational concept of socialism which will inevitably collapse and leave no trace or found of hope for those of us remaining faithful to the suitable and just form of social standards.Burke would agree that the bourgeoisie destroys long standing institutions. All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify (manifesto pg 6) And yet disagree with Marxs theory on how to solve this The question is what kind of institutions we ought to value, and it is in this field that conservative thinkers stake out positions that separate them from liberals and libertarians alike.

Naturalism in Stephen Crane’s “A God in Wrath” Essay

The 1880s to the 1940s marks a period in Ameri rotter Literature known as Realism and Naturalism. This was the time when almost literary works reflected the ideas of pessimism and determinism, and where events and even God oppose hu sincereity open depart or remain nonmaterial to hu service worldly concern desires. One beginning and poet of this era was Stephen Crane. Crane published A God in fretfulness in 1905 in a collection of poesys called The Black Rider and new(prenominal) Lines. The rime, which is about a god torturing a man, reflects the recurring foundation of naturalism with instances of pessimism, determinism, and disengagement.Naturalism in A God in resentment Pessimism. Pessimism, or the neck alonging inevitability of the occurrence of negative events, fills every seam of the A God in wrath. In the poem, the very fact that a god is punishing the man is perhaps the greatest indication of pessimism considering that no man can ever be greater than a god. Therefore, no man can ever escape a gods wrath and so a man who is suffering from it will for certain suffer till the end. Indeed nothing can be much pessimistic than that. One particular line, He cuffed him loudly (Crane), indicates that the man is backfire and has no chance of escape ever.Moreoer, one should take note that these cuffs ar put by a god and therefore impossible to point rid of. Also, the cuffs atomic number 18 in the form of thunderous blows that rang and rolled over the earth (Crane). This bureau that these are not just simple shackles that alone require a key to remove merely that they are as complicated as they are difficult to detach. Perhaps one much indication of pessimism in the poem is the presence of a crowd of pile who are not immortalizen to help the man, or are portrayed as helpless creatures that do nothing but observe and add to the mans injury by saying Ah, what a wicked man (Crane).The man in A God in Wrath is already in deep suffering w hen All multitude came running (Crane). Nevertheless, although he screamed and struggled (Crane), the crowd, instead of helping him, condemns him more by calling him wicked. In real career, one can attend to people who not only trim back those who ask for their help but even regard them as evil. such(prenominal) is the picture of the society that Crane may have wanted to show through the element of pessimism in the poem. Determinism. Determinism in A God in Wrath centers around the idea that the man has no choice but to accept the wrath of god and eventually his own fate.The whole poem is a testament to the absence of indigent will as indicated in the mans useless struggle to escape. Mans unornamented will is figuratively strangled when the god cuffed him loudly (Crane) and that although he screamed and struggled (Crane), which means that he wants to assert himself and his free will, no help arrives and there is no escape. Perhaps the mans last chance of escape is the people w ho came running (Crane), and maybe he smiles at the fact that all of them seem to come to his aid.Unfortunately, it seems that he is predestined to suffer and perhaps even intermit of his suffering when he finds out later on that the people who come running actually do nothing but say Ah, what a wicked man (Crane). Crane here shows that no amount of money of screams and struggles from the man, or every man in general, can change the course of nature, the will of a god, or mans destiny to suffer. Detachment. The stone-cold objectivity in Stephen Cranes tone is felt in the poem in his use of such nameless characters as a god, a man, and all people.The absence of a capital g in god, turf out perhaps in the title, clearly indicates that this god is not necessarily the Christian God but perhaps any form of deity considered to be a symbol of cruel and in clement dictatorship. It can even be religion itself which is shown here that makes man suffer. One can also see that in the poem, t he man is unnamed, which means that it can represent any human being particularly those who seem to be experiencing a hopeless struggle. Lastly, the artistic style all people (Crane) may represent everyone else in the world of the man who suffers.Also, the fact that all of them came running (Crane) tells us that they are united in their action, and that when they all together cried, Ah, what a wicked man (Crane), one can see that people in general are wicked and oft express their ridicule and cruelty in unison. On the whole, the element of detachment in Cranes A God in Wrath tells us that the situation portrayed in the poem and its painful events are not exclusive to the characters in it but also to every suffering human being. ConclusionStephen Cranes A God in Wrath is a poem that portrays the elements of the era of Literary Realism and Naturalism, which involve pessimism, determinism and detachment. Pessimism is reflected by mans seemingly unending struggle with a god that is impossible to conquer and with people who are brutally indifferent to his suffering. Determinism is present in the lines that show that his fate seems inevitable and that no amount of struggle and will to survive may seem enough to free the man in the poem from his suffering.Finally, a sense of detachment is express by the fact that the characters in the poem are unnamed. Hence, this makes the particular literary work a mirror of what actually goes on in the life of every human being who suffers and how much pain he has to soften with the wrath of a cruel god and the inaction of his indifferent swell humans. Works Cited Crane, Stephen. 2010. A God in Wrath. Stephen Maria Crane. Poemhunter. com. May 24, 2010. Crane, Stephen. A God in Wrath. Withered Arm and Other Stories. Ed. George Bess. New jersey Viking Penguin, 1999. Print.

Roman Catholic Saints

Well there are over 2,500 concord to Roman Catholicism sources, but no definitive count. This is because many were shake off into saint hood a long time ago by popular demand of the people. How the Church chooses saints Canonization, the process the Church uses to name a saint, has only been utilize since the tenth century. For hundreds of geezerhood, saints were chosen by public acclaim. though this was a more democratic way to recognize saints, whatso of all time saints stories were ill-shapen by legend and some never existed. Gradually, the bishops and finally the Vatican took over allowance for approving saints.In 1983, Pope John Paul II do sweeping changes in the canonization procedure. The process begins after(prenominal) the death of a Catholic whom people regard as divine. a good deal, the process starts many years after death in order give perspective on the candidate. The local bishop investigates the candidates life and writings for heroic virtue. Then a tabl e of theologians at the Vatican evaluates the candidate. After approval by the panel and cardinals of the Congregation for the Causes of beau ideals, the pontiff proclaims the candidate venerable. The next step, beatification, requires evidence of one miracle (except in the case of martyrs). Since miracles are considered proof that the person is in heaven and can intercede for us, the miracle mustiness fulfill place after the candidates death and as a aftermath of a specific petition to the candidate. When the pope proclaims the candidate beatified or b littleed, the person can be venerated by a particular voice or group of people with whom the person holds special importance. Only after one more miracle will the pope canonize the saint (this includes martyrs as well).The title of saint tells us that the person lived a holy life, is in heaven, and is to be honored by the universal Church. Canonization does not gain ground a person a saint it recognizes what God has already don e. When the church service began honoring saints By the year 100 A. D. , Christians were honoring other Christians who had died, and intercommunicate for their intercession. Many people think that honoring saints was something the Church set up later, but it was part of Christianity from the very beginning. As a matter of fact, this execute came from a long-standing tradition in the Jewish faith of honoring prophets and holy people with shrines.The first saints were martyrs, people who had given up their lives for the Faith in the persecution of Christians. Keeping statues or pictures is not idolatry Look at the pictures of your love ones in your wallet or around your home or office. wherefore do you keep these particular pictures? You might answer that you carry those pictures to inspire you of people you love, to help you feel that theyre close to you when youre not together, or to handle with people you meet. But you probably didnt say you worshipped them. Those are some of the same reasons we have statues and pictures of saints.Seeing a statue of Saint Therese of Lisieux who lost her experience when she was a child might make us feel less alone when we are grieving. A picture of Saint Francis of Assisi might inspire us of how much he loved Gods creation and make us more aware of our environment. We pray with saints We pray with saints, not to them. Have you ever selected anyone to pray for you when you were having a hard time? Why did you choose to make that person? You may have chosen psyche you could trust, or someone who understood your problem, or someone who was close to God.Those are all reasons we ask saints to pray for us in times of trouble. Since saints led holy lives and are close to God in heaven, we feel that their prayers are particularly effective. Often we ask particular saints to pray for us if we feel they have a particular interest in our problem. For example, many people ask Saint Monica to pray for them if they have trouble with unanswered prayers, because Monica prayed for twenty years for her son to be converted. Finally her prayers were answered in a way she never ideate of her son, Augustine, became a canonized saint and a Doctor of the Church.Bread and wine Symbol Bread and Wine/Wheat and Grapes Because of the bread and wine they produce, the symbols of wheat berry and grapes are often use to designate the Eucharist. Bread is the basic nutrient of every culture and of every age in human history. make from the toil of human hands, the many grains of wheat are transformed and mystify one to nourish and sustain us. A meal, in which bread is small and shared, becomes a means of bonding human beings together.This is the sign Jesus used to describe Himself as the Bread of Life. Following His command, in faith we take and eat this Bread, His Body, and become one with Him. From ancient times wine is associated with spread heads, felicity and celebration, a gift of God to gladden our hearts. The g rapes, like the grains of wheat used for bread, are fruits of the earth and give of themselves in order that we might find and be glad. This sign which Jesus used for His Blood, speaks to us of giving and of have in order that we might enjoy the benefits of His love in the banquet which is the foretaste of heavenly joy

Organizational Commitment

Organizational Commitment and conference Paper Week 3 COM/530 10/27/2011 Introduction A hear at an organizations intercourse and chip inership styles can say a lot nearly the organization as a whole. Google has a relaxed atmosphere, where management allows give outers to cook their knowledge schedules and fosters creativity by allowing and encouraging their achievementers to explore side projects (Google Culture, 2011). What would happen if the leadership style were to change? This is one of the elements this paper leave behind explore.A look will also be positn at sources of mogul inwardly the organization, the employees commitment to Google, how communication within Google relates to the cultivateer, different motivational theories which would make believe at Google and how communication plays a sectionalisation in the functioning of these theories. different Leadership Styles Google has recently embarked on Project Oxygen, a plan to pack a better manager (Brya nt, 2011). An examination of data sets, compiled from employee surveys, awards given, and managers who per human bodyed well, was conducted.This resulted in Google lacking(p) employees to feel em forceed, know their managers were available, and clear a better overall pure tone about the work they did (Bryant, 2011). Google has made the shift to transformational leadership by inviting their employees to be much active in roles they play and working to develop managers that gain ground creativity (Robbins, 2011). Having leader member exchange opening in perpetrate at Google would serve to undermine Project Oxygen. This speculation states managers capture their sure employees, who tend to get special considerations over other employees (Robbins & Judge, 2011).Having this hypothesis in play, would only serve to drive a wedge between employees and employee supervisor relationships and reduce communication. The studies conducted by Google install employees want respect and eq ual prospect from management (Bryant, 2011). Another example of a leadership style that would take away from Googles goal would be the laissez-faire style of leadership, as employees aro economic consumption stated they dont want weak willed hands-off managers (Bryant, 2011). Having a leader using this style would reduce the amount the employees rundle to this individual and cause disarray among the teams.Sources of Power at Google One military unit expect that Google, being a technical ships company, places a high vastness on expert power as greater knowledge of makeup computer code will mean much employees will drive to that person for help. The company may oblige placed emphasis on this in the past, but has since discovered employees want to follow managers whom they like and site with, which more closely relates to denotive power (Robbins, 2011). As Robbins and Judge (2011) rationalise this type of power deals more with an employee having respect and admiration for their manager.Referent power will lead to employees communicating grantly with their superiors and should influence a more positive attitude overall within the organization, as negative views and opinions will diminish among the workers. Legitimate power is also wielded by Google as they have employees who must complete work or they risk losing their conjectures. This type of power serves to keep employees in line with company views and reduce negative communication within the organization as employees will not want to cope with the consequences.Reward power is also in use as employees are allowed to set up their own schedules and vie for more prominent positions (Google Culture, 2011). This power also serves to create a positive attitude by large employees what they desire in the work milieu. Employee Commitment and Communication Employees appear to have a strong organizational commitment to Google. Based on the freedoms given(p) to their employees, workers look to stay wit h Google out of affective commitment.This type of commitment suggests workers have an emotional attachment to the company and believe in the core value (Robbins, 2011). Google has a commitment to meeting the needs of the employee by modifying compensation packages to conciliate the employee, giving bonuses, and making the employee feel valued for what they do by providing other amenities some companies would not provide. Google has on site gymnasiums, chefs, laundry service, and shuttles (Google culture, 2011). By providing for employees, Google works towards establishing an emotional attachment.Open communication is encouraged and ideas are give backed display employees they have value in the eyes of Google. This communication is necessary to create a sense of freedom at work and allow for an open exchange of ideas. Different Motivational Theories Google could benefit from the use of self-de experimental conditionination theory as they look to empower their employees. This theo ry suggests workers want to feel they have free will in choosing their work activities and take joy in what they do without feeling it has become an obligation (Robbins, 2011).Communication plays an integral part in the application of this theory. Workers need to know they have choices within the work they do and that managers are available for discussion of changing roles or work activities. Google is a corporation that wants it employees to interact at all levels and across teams. This environment may be excellent for reinforcement theory, as this theory looks to reward positive actions immediately to ensure they are repeated and also to penalise negative actions to ensure they are not repeated (Robbins, 2011).If open communication is encouraged and workers discuss goals they achieved and how they were rewarded for this, a general effect should be seen on surrounding employees. This means other employees should repeat the rewarded action to reap the rewards. The kindred can be s aid for actions which are negatively reinforced. A threesome and final motivational theory which would serve Googles open form of communication is the equity theory. This theory looks at the motivation behind having a fair workplace (Robbins, 2011). Employees want to feel they are paid or otherwise compensated for their work based on experience and accomplishments.Communication is vital to this theory as the more open employees are with for each one other it provides the opportunity for salary and compensation to be discussed. As hanker as Google is handling their employees in an equal manner this should serve to show workers the more they work and strive to be better at their jobs, the more they can expect to earn. Conclusion Google has chosen to study their management styles that work best, Project Oxygen and then train managers in tasks they have run aground work well for top performing managers.This has caused a shift towards transformational leadership. Google has establis h other types of management styles which are, for example, too strict are failing and causing high turnover (Bryant, 2011). As stated, having different types of leadership styles in use at Google, such as leader member exchange theory or laissez-faire style would undermine current goals and lead to despicable communication within teams, leading to loss of faith in management. Google uses referent power, meaning employees have respect and admiration for their managers to keep employees happy (Robbins, 2011).The company also employs the use of rewards such as compensation packages suited to the employee and on site amenities (Google Culture, 2011) as rewards to keep employees happy. Googles efforts appear to lead to an affective commitment to the organization as the employee develops an emotional attachment to their job (Robbins, 2011). Motivational theories such as self-determination, reinforcement theory, and equity theory would most likely fit with in Googles company culture. Each theory looks to place the emphasis on the employee through enriching their work experience or giving compensation.In short Google is looking to keep employees long term through positive work environments and structure. References Adam Bryant (2011, March 12). Googles necessitate to Build a Better Boss. New York Times Retrieved October 29, 2011, from http//www. nytimes. com/2011/03/13 / moving in/ 13hire. html? pagewanted=all, Google Culture. (2011). Google. Retrieved October 29, 2011, from www. google. com/about/corporate/company/culture. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed. ). f number Saddle River, NJ Pearson- Prentice Hall.

Environmental Issues in Pakistan

What is surroundal Ethics? Environmental ethics is a branch of environmental philosophy that studies the ethical consanguinity between human beings and environment. It has given a new dimension to the preservation of natural resources. What be major Ethical Environmental Issues? The issues which social movement dangers to environment with a moral perspective in them argon known as ethical environmental issues. Environment has a direct or mediate effect on the way we live and ethical environmental issues scrape up when we ignore this fact.Hence we ought to protect our environment and solve the ethical environmental issues our worldly concern is cladding now-a-days. T present be many ethical environmental issues roughly of them are stated below 1. Green-house Effect. 2. Oz unity Depletion. 3. Air Pollution. 4. Acid Rain. 5. Urban Run-off. 6. priming coat Pollution. 7. deforestation. 8. nuclear Development. 1. Greenhouse Effect Any gas in the ambiance that absorbs and emit s radiations in the thermal infrared range is called a glasshouse gas.The greenhouse effect is a knead by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. This process repeats over and over again, trapping the radiations in the atmosphere. This is one of the major causes of global warming. Consequences Global warming is causing the human beings to put up its snow cover glaciers are melting, the sea-level is rising, and a lot of Arctic floral and faunal species are on the verge of extinction. 2. Ozone Depletion The ozone enveloping around the Earth is depleting in volume consistently since 1980s.This is largely due to the effect of halocarbon refrigerants (such as CFC, halons, freons, etcetera ). Halocarbons (being lighter than other(a) gases in the atmosphere) rise much high in the atmosphere. They then photodissociate to give atomic halogens. These atoms catalyze the destruction of the ozone gas. Consequences Depletion of the ozone bunghole practically threaten human life, and life of other animals as well. The ozone mold protects us from UV rays of the sun without the ozone layer, e realone would be susceptible to a identification number of skin diseases, including skin evokecer. . Air Pollution Air contamination is in all probability one of the most dangerous effect on the environment since we shtupnot reckon the line of work we breathe. Vehicular traffic, smog created by the smoke emitted by vehicles and factories, volatile organic compounds, present primarily in paints and varnishes and refrigerants, all contribute to air pollution. Consequences Air pollution affects everything it affects plants, animals and humans. According to WHO, poor indoor air type can lead to respiratory infections, coronary diseases, and even lung cancer.If all this is adventure indoors, imagine what is happening outside. 4. Acid Rain Gases like carbon dioxide, north oxide, sul phur dioxide can react with body of water to produce corresponding acids. When this happens in the atmosphere, we get rain that is of acidic. The gases mentioned above are released into the atmosphere by trustworthy natural processes like lightning, volcanoes, etc. However, the amount of these gases released due to factories, vehicles and different industries surpasses that produced naturally. It goes beyond a level that can be tolerated by nature.Consequences Acid rains cause stone, rocks, steel, metal to erode and paint to peel off. This means monuments, statues, bridges, buildings, all are at a risk. It also damages the skin. 5. Urban Run-off Urban run-off refers to the rain running off land and into water bodies. This is a natural process. However, with ever- change magnitude urbanization, this process affects water bodies adversely, because the run-off now carries all sorts of compounds, chemicals and particulate matter. Materials that cannot be gotten rid of are being added to shavewater and, ultimately, to water.Consequences Urban run-off causes deposition of oil, gasoline, garbage, heavy metals (nickel, copper, lead, zinc etc. ), fertilizers and pesticides (from gardens and lawns), synthetic organic compounds, etc. all of which ultimately enters the food kitchen stove and causes number of health complications. It also causes destruction of Marine population. 6. Land pollution Land pollution is where our land may be as farthest as being contaminated. All of the bad toxic chemicals and waste, that is left or dumped on our land, causes it to become polluted.It includes trash from homes, commercial establishments, and industrial facilities, food wastes, paper, glass, textiles, and plastic objects. The toxic materials that pollute the soil can get into the human remains directly by coming into contact with the skin, being washed into water sources like reservoirs and rivers, eating fruits and vegetables that know been grown in polluted soil, eupn oeic in polluted dust or particles. Consequences It causes problems in the respiratory frame and on the skin. It also leads to birth defects and also causes conglomerate kinds of cancers. . Deforestation Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a non-forest use. Wood is a necessity and the humans necessity to use it. But the improper planning about forestation and new lay of trees, we are facing a severe crisis of the lack of trees. Trees are very important as they make oxygen and serve many other important purposes too. But we may face a serious paucity of trees in the years to come due to the way forests are go on to disappear (at the rate of 14 million hectares per year).Consequences Deforestation results in little(prenominal) biodiversity, soil erosion, animals lose their habitat, more Global Warming because there would be less trees to collect carbon dioxide etc. 8. Nuclear Development Nuclear development is, ho wever, beneficial but it has very much harmful aspects as well. The nuclear rods that we use in producing energy are very radioactive. They have a very long decaying period and hence cause threats to our environment. Consequences It has controlling consequences in the form of meeting the energy crises.On the other hand, the most noble aspect of nuclear development are the prospective nuclear accidents that can take place. It can cause different types of cancers, many disabilities by birth, problems in the process of photosynthesis etc. Solutions to Major Ethical Environmental Issues The problems that we are facing are very serious and need to be solved at the earliest possible time. Some of the solutions that we can could come up with, care in view indigenous resources, behaviour of people, environmental legislation etc.So here are some of the solutions to the above mentioned problems. 1. Arranging Seminars for Awareness Arranging seminars can be very beneficial for communication with people and educating them about the various ethical environmental issues that we are facing. Such type of seminars should be held in educational institutions and industries to educate students, workers and other people about the graveness of these issues so that they may be understood and solved. 2. Three REs (Reduce, Recycle and Reuse)We should cause to reduce the use of substances like plastic that causes environmental pollution and are recycleable. Consumption of natural resources should be made limited to as less as possible. Reducing deforestation and trying to use the recycled and other materials. 3. Abstaining from Clourofloro carbons A Harmfulness of clourofluoro carbons should be understood by the society as its increasing amount is a threat to ozone layer. People should be educated at lower scale so they may realize the importance of ozone layer.Chlorofluoro carbons are presents in some kinds of refrigeration processes, solvents, foams, aerosols etc. 4. Reducing Pol lution modernization of our societies has widely increased different types of pollution. With the increasing number of automobiles and industries, pollution has been widely increased. Smoke of automobiles causes air pollution. Wastes of industries are discharged into the rivers polluting the water and the land it passes by. A regular checking should be done on particularly industries to see whether they are safely discharging the wastes or not.Also, we should use the substances that causes less pollution and discharge our waste substances properly at the proper place. 5. Role of Media In the modern era, media has a very strong role in educating people and moulding their opinion into a specific direction. Highly qualified professionals should use the facility of media to realise awareness to the people about ethical environmental issues through documentaries, talk-shows and other programs. Children can be get attracted through cartoons and other children programs. References ? ht tp//www. tutorvista. om/english/global-warming-causes ? http//socyberty. com/issues/greenhouse-gases-everyonesproblem/ ? http//maria79. tumblr. com/ ? http//www. atsdr. cdc. gov/ world(a)/theair. html ? http//www. cheatdiary. com/collegeessay/harmful-effects-of-ozonelayer-depletion/ ? http//www. udel. edu/chem/C465/senior/fall97/acid_rain/senior. html ? http//www. geography. learnontheinternet. co. uk/topics/taiga. html ? http//www. ec. gc. ca/inre-nwri/default. asp? lang=En&n=235D11EB1&offset=12&toc=hide ? http//wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_consequences_of_land_ pollution

Multiple Directorship

Issue of multiple directorships has recently came to public concern. It becomes more than than and more coarse that directors in listed companies retaining multiple directorships and even some legislators atomic number 18 involved. This smirch is popular in Hong Kong and Singapore, however, umteen directors in United States are unremarkably involved in nonpareil fraternity hardly. There are serval problems in exercising multiple directorships to listed companies. First, director may not insure his function diligently.With regard to the Non-statutory Guidelines on Directors Duties Principle 4 , a director of a connection must exercise the care, skill and diligence that would be exercised by a reasonable person with the knowledge, skill and experience moderately expected of a director in his position. It doubts that one rear end pull enough time to read documents and attend meetings for each corporation if he has multiple directorships. If he made any decisions that harm the company given up that he did not read sufficient information and understnad the situation of the company, he is not act due care and skill as a director.The Guidelines Principle 11 also sated that a director of a company must take all reasonable steps to ensure that graceful books of account are kept so as to give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the company and justify its transactions. As many companies follow similar accounting schedules, most common are setting year-end date as 30 April or 31 December, during the end of the accounting period, they cause to review all the financail statements of the listed companies they order in order to ensure there are no fraud.It doubts that they can review all the financail statements if he has directored over 20 listed companies. If there are frauds and mistakes in financial statements, it would affect the investors and shareholders who rely on the annual reports of the companies to get out investment decisions . Furthemore, directors may gain conflicts of interests when he exercises multi collective directorships. As more director roles entrust increase opportunity of represetning compainces which are related.In Bristol and westernmost Building Society v Mothew (1998), the court explained that one of the fiduciary duties of directors is not to allow any conflict between their duties as directors and their personal interests. If the pack together in which he has a personal interest adverse to that of company is voidable by the company and the profits made may be recovered by the company. In Transvaal state of matters Co v New Belgium (Transvaal) Land and Development Co (1914) UK, defendant had a benefical inrerest in a company which sold shares to the company which he was a director, H took part in the decision to make the purchase.So, if the director of one company has business or transactions to other company that he has directorship, it depart have high chance for conflict of in terests or transferring benefits between companies. Regarding to the legislators being multiple corporate directors, now seven legislators have hold total of 63 gainful board positions. According to Cheung (2012), it will be difficult for the legislators to deal with backing issues if the they keep in touch with and work for the corporations. If legislators are the companies directors, public will have a perception that they spoke for the buiness sectors rather than citizen.Moreover, it may foreclose the functioning of Legislative Council (Legco), according to the editoiral of ming pao (2011), at least five Legco members have omitted to register such interests. Although these are not serious omissions, we can fit that some legislators are not serious about registering their interests and have ignored that they have not followed the guidelines. It is important for them to disclose all their intersts including shareholdings, paid directorships, airplane propeller and election don ations of their directorships.By now the listed companies in Hong Kong need to have at least a third of breakaway directors who do not have business relationship with the company and do not manage the procedure of the company. Before, companies are required to have at least three independent directors, but no restrictions on the ratio. It is believed that this new rule is to match the international practices such as United States and UK and nurse shareholders interest. This new listing rules will make it difficult to find independent directors because not so much people are interested in the low remuneration role.It may indicate that some firms need to cut the size of the board. In conclusion, one especially a legislator should not take up too many directorships in order to advoid conflict of interest and act due deligent. The legislaors cannot deflect disclosing their interest to Legco. It is suggested that Legco should amend its Guidelines on Registration of Interests to requi re legislators not only register the remunerated directorships but also unmunerated so as to protect the shareholders and the companys interest.