Leadership and Communication Scenario

leadinghiphip and Communication ScenarioErin TracyWhat does attractions think to you? The definition of drawing cardship is just as much an ambiguous liking to you as it is to the researchers that strive to define it. Pinning down a single, classic answer to my question is all but impossible due to the ever-changing aspects of the subject matter itself. To be a leader, you must have soul to lead. This much everyone agrees is true, however, the rest remains opaque. From this base knowledge, you sewer set out to clear your own definition having prototypic understood that when dealing with people no one definition will ever fit the bill. According to Dr. superior S. Sohman of Drexel University, lead and teamwork argon two sides of the same coin (2013) one neer truly existing without the other. This is an important concept when considering what effectual leadership looks like, the dialogue sorts associated with effective leadership and the real- domain application of t hese concepts.What is Effective Leadership?James MacGregor destroy defined leadership as the reciprocal process of mobilizing, by persons with original motives and values, various economic, political, and other resouces, in a context of competition and conflict, in order to realize goals independently or mutually held by some(prenominal) leaders and followers (Burns, 1978 ). Samson Girma defines leadership as the approaches addopted by superiors in their everyday interaction with employees. (Girma, 2016) Lastly, Dr. Victor S Sohman addopted the deffinition as followsLeadership comprises bend processes affecting the interpretation of events of followers the choice of objectives for the group or organisation the organization of work activities to accomplish the objectives the motivation of followers to achieve the objectives the forethought of cooperative relationships and teamwork and the enlistment of support and cooperation from people outside the group or organization (Soh men, 2013).As you can see at that place is a wide-cut range of oppinions as to the definition of leadership so if one can non even decide how to define it how can you begin to objectively measure it?Communication Styles Associated with Successful LeadersDr. Victor Sohman did this best by, first setting a very inclusive definition and then adapting the Five-Dimensional Leadership Competency Model developed by K.S. Cameron and D.A. Whetten (2011). These five aspects of leadership atomic number 18 1. Transformational 2. Transactional 3. Organic 4. Contemporary and 5. Ethical (Sohmen, 2013). Transformational leaders economic consumption enthusiasm to motavate their employees Transactional leaders use rewards to motivate results Organic leaders emit a wiz of inclusion to their team to motivate them to acomplish goals Contemporary leaders lead by structure to gently push their constituants in the proper direction, and finially Ethical leaders utalizes their own personal integrity to inspire their people to greatness. Building your leadership style off of a model like this has many benefits. As you can tell, all of these atributes be inter spayable. A leader may use any of these or any combination of at any give point throughout the day to effect change within their company. Therefore, organism fluent in these is a critical aptitude of a lucky leader.Real World ApplicationsThe ability to implement these concepts in the real world can be challenging, however, we can all agree that a leader that only communicates when he needs something done, and only tells his team what to do and non why they are doing it will not be effective. While there are a multitude of strategies that a leader could use to even off this lack of communication, there are a few that could prove inherent in this situation. The knowledge of generational differences in your employees (and yourself) along with individual strengths and weaknesses are keys to navigating the subversive terrain of leadership. Being able to lead the individual as comfortably as the group will set you on a travel plan to success. Another concept that will allow you to be successful is be able to mutate yourself and the way that you communicate to the person that you are move to reach. Just saying the words is not enough, especially if you do not say it in a way that they are going to see you. Learning how to use new technology, electronic communication, and face to face interactions are all critical in maintaining open communication with followers. The implementation of a Contemporary type of leadership coupled with an Ethical addition would apparent be a good fit for everybody in this situation. This would allow the leader to maintain some of the structure that they are used to making a more seamless transition of change. The addition of an Ethical form of leadership would serve as a stabilizing factor during change. The sheer presence of a confident and true leader will set everybod y pertain at ease making it easier to change the culture of the company. If the employees have been especially upset by the lack of communication the transparent aspects of the Transformational type of leadership would likely help as well.All in all, by considering what effective leadership looks like, the communication styles associated with effective leadership and the real-world application of these concepts, you can begin to get an idea of the success of your leadership style. No matter what style or combination of styles you choose to implement, by having quantifiable standards set, one is offend able to reliably asses the effectiveness of ones leadership style to effect change within a company.ReferencesBurns, J. (1978 ). Leadership. New York Harper Row.Flauto, F. J. (1999). Walking the Talk The kin Between Leadership and COmmunication Competence. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 86-97.Girma, S. (2016). The relationship surrounded by leadership style, job satisfaction a nd culture of the organization. International Journal of utilise Research, 35-45.Sohmen, D. V. (2013). Leadership and Teamwork Two Sides of the Same Coin. Journal of IT and Economic Development, 1-18.Whetten, D. A. Cameron, K.S. (2011). Developing focussing skills. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall /Pearson.

Examining the Organisational Structure and Culture

Examining the Organisational Structure and CultureAbstractIn this report I calculate to objectively examine the Organisational Structure and Culture by victimization three close to different organic laws from different sectors indoors the UK and how it could meet the soulfulnessal credit line. Furthering my report I cease for analyse the impact of staff behaviour on the three cour check exposes. I ordain conclude my report by carrying step forward a detailed analytic intellection on specific moving in lineaments deep down an face. I would be using McDonalds, Sainsburys Plc and Sony Corporation as differentiate of my slipperiness study. calling 1IntroductionOrganisational enculturation and social organizationOrganisational Culture in like manner cognise as Corporate Culture comprises the attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values of an organization. According to originator Afsaneh Nahavandi, disposal finis has been defined as the specific collection of v alues and norms that be sh bed by people and groups in an organization Which harbor the modal value they interact with whole(prenominal) some other and with stakeholders protrudeside the organization.Every fundamental law with much than than one individual involve a social system so that fielders nominate clearly defined roles and atomic number 18 clear close to the roles of others. As much(prenominal), constitutional social structure is lots presented as a graph which clearly identifies how succeedment is nonionized vertically with layers of hierarchy and horizontally by function, product or division. The map go out own clear who is amen equal to(p) for what, who is responsible to who and who to go to with problems and queries.thither atomic number 18 three main types of shapingal structure tall ranked, flat gradable and matrix.McDonalds Plc and their structureMcDonalds is the worlds monstrousst fast victuals chain restaurant with over 31,000 outle ts in 118 countries and employing over 1.6 million people globally. Out of the 31,000 outlets, 1000 of them ar in the U.K. McDonalds serves over 47 million guests daily in the 118 countries they operate in and design up a market capitalisation of $60.08bn in the financial form of 2008. 78% of the McDonalds atomic number 18 be atomic number 18d by the franchisees and the remaining 22% be owned by the hatful itself.Structure in simple terms, foundation be defined as the way things are trim out in an organisation. Therefore, all byplayes including McDonalds stand their own organisational structure which consists of groups and individuals running(a) unneurotic to achieve the same aims/objectives of the organisation.Organisations are structured in a soma of ways, dependent upon their objectives and husbandry. The structure of an organisation forget determine the manner in which it operates and its instruction execution. Structure allows the responsibilities for differ ent functions and processes to be clearly allocated to different departments.The wrong organisation structure will reduce the triumph of the championship. As a occupation expands the spans of control will widen. The spunkyer the level of skill each employee has the more(prenominal) than the production line will make use of these skills across the organization and because save embodys. Internal factors such(prenominal) as size, product and skills of the workforce too cultivate the organizational structure.undefinedSource Online http//www.learnmanagement2.com/ vertical%20structure.htmAn subject of a hierarchal organisational structure is given above for referenceThe figure make according to McDonalds web baby-sites tells us that 78% of the origins are franchised whereas the remaining 22% are owned by the corporation itself. My assumption is McDonalds as a corporation incur adopted a hierarchal structure moreover each store would be following a different yet connatura l structure deep down the framework of the hierarchal structure. All the stores would carry out exactly the same process but the way in which they hand over the service could deepen. It would depend on the franchisee on how she/he controls their business provided there are certain aspects which the franchisee backsidenot alter i.e. the McDonalds logo, shop appearance and and so on As the above diagram shows, the most highest or influential person in any organisation is the Chief Executive officer/ managing director (CEO) who takes all strategical decisions because they are on the top of the hierarchy and on a lower floor him are his/her subordinates i.e. area regional managers, department managers who then report digest to him/her about the fellowships progress or any other grievous issues that needs their attention.However, any staffs responsibility is clearly defined and the business itself seems to be centralized e.g. important decisions organism taken by the senior management centrally. inwardly this structure, the path to promotion is clearly defines i.e. a person will initially start from the bottom e.g. counter sales assistant and then they will restrain to earn their way up to the top to get a warrant. It is considered employees of this type of structure are likely to be loyal to the business.However, franchised stores of McDonalds are likely to have a flatter structure. There is one manager, who is in control of the assistants and employees who takes all the decisions for that particular store and he/she who is in burster of the main functions, carries them out. But the McDonalds corporation is likely to have a hierarchical structure. McDonalds is a big fraternity with lots of different departments which need to be organized very salutary, because if the employees arent directed in the skillful way they practise perform their ain line of credits uniformly.McDonalds cultureOn the other hand, according to author Afsaneh Nahavandi organisational culture faeces be defined as . set of beliefs, customs, practices and ways of mentation that they have come to share with each other through be and working together. Culture varies greatly between organisations and some business shadower be warm and friendly whereas some faeces be ponderous and unfriendly.McDonalds operates according to four values quality, service, convenience and value. Part of their organisational culture is the slant of uniform quality of food and service wherever the branch is located. These are some of the cultures associated with McDonaldsMcDonalds place the customer experience at the core of what they do.McDonalds are committed towards their stakeholders.They believe in the McDonalds System.McDonalds operate their business ethically.McDonalds give backs to the community.McDonalds sire their business profitsably.McDonalds strive continually to repair.Their mission/vision/aims/objectives of McDonalds will claim the culture of McDonald s to an extent. Initially, McDonalds find objective of serving the customers good quality food think in with their culture (values) which is that McDonald place customer experience at the core of what they do. This will result in repeat business and hence improve the profitability of the business which is another value (culture) of McDonalds. Another key objective of McDonalds is to be a socially responsible company this has over again affected their culture to a great extent. McDonalds gives back to the community via their own set up charity e.g. Ronald McDonalds House charity tho the franchised store have their own decision on it.It is clear that McDonalds investment is cautiously considered. This again is reflected in their culture, which shows us that McDonalds are committed towards their shareholders and stakeholders. Another aim of McDonald is to provide customers with outstanding quality and make every customer smiling this is again reflected in their culture (values) a s the website informs us that McDonalds strive to improve continually. Therefore, as the company is innovating and continually making improvements, it would satisfy more customers who were peradventure previously dissatisfied with a particular aspect.In order for McDonalds to follow with their mission/vision statement identified previously, they would need to set their structures accordingly i.e. as McDonalds want to be their customers favourite dining out restaurant, they have en undisputabled that staff and the management are working together makeively in order to prepare a meal for a customer right away without any kind of mistake e.g. giving a customer a wrong product.Moreover, from the vision/mission statement of McDonalds it is clear that the companys main condense of attention is the customers and therefore in order to facilitate the demand of customers this center that McDonalds needs to hire more staff and hence their mission linkups with the structure.Sainsburys Plc and their structureSainsburys PLC has implemented the notion of making a clear organisational chart available to all employees and workers throughout the stores. This is the key to the success of the company as the more qualified workers in the store can speak to their subordinates directly. This however is not the case if the subordinates want to relegate with their seniors as they will have to refer to the organisational structure in order to speak to the relevant person. The placement is efficient as the workers know who, where to go and seek advice from a instalment with more control and personnel of them. Moreover, the system enables employees to communicate with others efficiently and conveniently. An example of this is when an employee within a particular department such as Electronics wants to oppugn something to a supervisor it is through the organisational chart that the employee will know to communicate with the supervisor or the department manager. Organisational charts within larger companies such as Sainsburys Plc essentially provide its employees with a guide to the organisation and its key contacts.As such the organisation of the business allows all employees to recognise who is responsible for what. This is do for a number of reasons the chain of command lists all employees and their role within the organisation. By implementing this outline throughout their store, Sainsburys Plc reduces confusion around the hierarchy of the organisation by informing all employees about their own role, power and warrant as well as the role of others and their responsibilities. An example of this is if an employee is unsure about his/her power over any subordinates, they can refer to the organisational chart. Another favour to having an organisational chart is that everyone who work, liaises or partners with the company is aware of the span of control power, influence or authority an employee has over his/her subordinates.If the person is higher up t hey could clearly see that they have a wide span of control in a Sainsburys store as it is a flat structure which consists of some workers who have to be controlled by supervisors or managers who in turn are controlled by their deputies or department managers. An example would be that a supervisor was unsure of how much span of control they have over his/her employees they would fall apart the structure of the business which would outline their own role and responsibilities In which case will be a lot as a wear supervisor has a larger responsibility and trust within the assay team. Although the organisational structure outlines each role and the responsibilities, communication between employees and their superiors can too service in clarifying responsibilities, as power has been delegated by high levels of authority the employee will know how much power they have current and what changes or decisions they can immediately carry out to take effect on their subordinates.This r ule of organisation of the business allows employees to work together effectually. This is because any disputes over power and decision making are brought up the organisation chart can help prevent and resolve issues regarding the power and situation of especially higher people in the chain of command.It is through the companys organisational methods that that the success of Sainsburys will reflect how this is effective as all functional areas work within this structure. Using Sainsburys Plc as an example can identify how its employees can challenge and confront their superiors in terms of negotiating the power that each fragment of the store has. The structure of the organisation will be put to use here as it will clearly display where each person is in terms of accountability and power. This will indefinitely resolves the problem and help them work together and communicate effectively. This withal applies to other employees, who can check their position in the hierarchy and th eir subordinates in the lead confronting and starting disputes. These are some of the ways organisation in a business can allow workers to co operate efficiently.Sainsburys CultureThe culture of Sainsburys describes the typical approach within the organisation. It essentially performer the organisations universal beliefs, policies and procedures that determine the way the organisation is run. This culture is also reflected in Sainsburys employees and shareholders as well as the companys strategy. As such it is these constituents that shape and determine the organisations success and at times its failures.Although a large corporation, Sainsburys much like Tesco, MS and Asda takes shape as a bureaucracy. a lottimes like the above corporations, Sainsburys hierarchical structure and its top-down approach suggests that the company heavily implements the Top Hierarchal Culture. This means that communication is essential in the running of a successful company as each role is defined b y the hierarchy up until the bottom of the hierarchy. To ensure that this structure is kept, Sainsburys have invested in ensuring that communication and the structure of the organisation is available to all its employees. An example of this is the centralisation of decisions, policies and roles and responsibilities of each individual belonging to the company. These are often outlines at the beginning of employment contract and often reiterated via email, circulation lists, unexampledsletters etc all of which are essential methods of communication.Due to the large nature of the organisation, Sainsburys is divided into sub-departments such as accounts, merchandise and Communication to Electronics and Production department. It may be easier to visualise Sainsburys as two businesses one universe the top part of the hierarchy entailing more senior positions such as production director which involve the strategic management of the organisation. The other aspect is the wholly retail e lement, found on the shop floor. In this case one can see that power is hierarchical and often stems from the employees position. This is a primary reason as to why roles are defined via job descriptions to essentially avoid the breakdown of the hierarchical structure.It is clear that Salisburys works within a bureaucratic culture, unlike the Co-Operative which works on persons culture. An advantage of which is empowering all parties who have connections with the organisation.Sony Corporations cultureSony known for its historied construct, technological gadgets and electronics it has bring forthd a multibillion, multinational electronic empire with products such as the transistor radio, the Trinitron, the Walk-in and the VTR. All of which have transformed life in the twenty first century.It is Sonys consumer targeted quest for excellence and constant innovation that have make them so successful. However, one must consider the companys recent profit loss as being a result of the c onstant innovation and production of new electronics as these have taken focus quite a than concentrating on profit and loss statements have always been a part of Sony since its beginning days.For every successful product (i.e. transistor radio and Trinitron), RD cost often ran excessively high that they pushed the firm to the verge of bankruptcy. The company managed to baffle back its losses by introducing a new culture. For every new product a project was created which was funded by Sony and over notioned by a senior member. This allowed Sony to expand its enterprise whilst allowing new projects authority and most significantly shore leave to manage and control each business unit. It was this new method of management that enabled Sony to create both a wider enterprise as well as a new business culture.Sony Corporations structureAs mentioned earlier, the changes to Sonys business structure announced in early 2003 meant that Sonys profit margins were redesigned to maximise the s trength of their investment in each business category.In do-gooder, a chief financial officer position was established in each network company which became responsible for the monitoring of each business operation. This meant that all networks operated with a degree of autonomy whilst maintaining close strategic links to Sonys global hub. The result of Sonys business culture established a universal monitoring system within the company and its network companies which allowed Sony to analyse and manage the companys entire business.Task 2Affects of organisations structure and culture to the businessOrganisation Structure is a key element in the running of a business as it applies to both the employers and its employees. Its grandness also lies in that it gives a clear singularity of how cultivation can be shared or passed down within the organisation in order for this happen there must be a link of communication between the senders and receivers. This is achieved by communication f low up or down the hierarchy. Having an organisational chart makes this process easier as it clearly shows the hierarchy within the organisation, so that communication can be made more effective as the sender/receiver will be able to control their own communicational methods gum olibanum avoiding confusion. This enables the business to make communication more convenient and effective for all staff thus allowing departments to inter-liaise and continue information sharing in an effective manner. These are effective a few of the benefits an organisation chart has on the business.On the other hand, according to author Afsaneh Nahavandi organisational culture is defined as . set of beliefs, customs, practices and ways of thinking that they have come to share with each other through being and working together. Culture varies greatly between organisations and some business can be warm and friendly whereas some can be hard and unfriendly.These theories are proved constantly in todays bu sinesses. For e.g. the structure Sainsburys have implemented within their organisation, allows each of their departments to work individually to achieve some of its various objectives such asTo provide shareholders with good, sustainable financial returns. (Source www.j-sainsbury.co.uk)It is clear from this objective that Sainsburys plc is cracking about keeping their shareholders happy by providing them with sustainable financial returns on their investment. And due to its structure in place their accounts and finance department is able to deliver this objective by implementing a good financial strategy and doing the job well.Sainsburys plcs decisions in terms of culture and their structure also impacts on the companys business performance to an extent. The tables below demonstrate the level of achievement in sales, underlying operating margin and underlying profits before value over the last five divisions.Sales figures of Sainsburys plc between 2005-2010 %Like-for-like sales ( %) operate cost margin (%)Underlying operating margin (%)Profit before tax (m)Underlying profit before tax (m) (Source www.j-sainsbury.co.uk)The companys directors explain, Despite year on year of challenging market conditions, Sainsburys has delivered continued strong performance against its targets in 2009/10. The retail sector continues to be one of the most fast-moving and super competitive in the UK. However, Sainsburys stable and experienced leadership team has systematically achieved growth since 2005.Task 3Job rolesEmployees working for any organisation are enlisted to perform a specific role. These roles vary depending on the individuals skills and experiences, as listed belowThe task or activityThe amount of responsibilityThe job securityThe decision they have to makeThe payment they getThe skills, familiarity and qualities they haveThere are four main types of job roles in a businessDirectors they are responsible for the overall direction of the businessManagers They a re responsible for one area of the business for example marketing areaSupervisors or team leaders Has the responsibility to look subsequently a teamStaff They are responsible for carrying out introductory functions of the businessIf you look at an organization chart you will see that the person with the most authority is at the top. Individuals with the least amount of authority are placed at the bottom of the hierarchy this is often referred to as the chain of command.Specific job roles and their responsibilitiesDirectorsThe Directors typically create the business plans. Directors sit on the board because they have specialist expertise in a particular line of business, or because they have generalist experience, or sometimes more importantly, good contacts.The Managing directorThe Managing Director is the figurehead of the organisation. Managers have the job of organising and controlling resources. For example at Mcdonalds the managing director will have to look at the applicatio ns that come in and decide who to employ and who not.elder managersSenior Managers make top level decisions concerning operational strategies. These decisions require detailed analysis and skilled judgement.Middle managersMiddle Managers organise and control the resource of an organisation within established guidelines.Junior/supervisory managementJunior/supervisory management is usually concerned with short-term supervisory activities making sure the operations are carried out in a nice undisturbed process and all resources is in place for it to happen.SupervisorsSupervisors are quite often the backbone of the organisation. They are people who know how things should be done at ground level. They work with managers to put plans into action at operational level. They manage day-to-day resources including the supervision of staff.OperativesOperatives are at the ground level but their work is still very important. It needs to be carried out with upkeep and precision. E.g. In a super market the operatives would be the shelf stackers, checkout operatives and etcEmployees Personal attributes and how they affect the businessThe reason why personal attributes are important to the employee and the business isPersonal demonstration includes the individuals physical presentation, personal hygiene, and presentational skills. In addition to this, communication and ability to work with others are essential requirements for many jobs. It is important for the business because if they have staffs that are taking care about his personal presentation it will make the business look good and also the customers will feel comfortable talking with the staff. For example a customer service advisor must have good personal presentation skills as well as being a good communicator. These types of skills vary depending on the role, the position of the role and the skills of the individual and positive approaches increase on the business sales ultimately.And if they are not smart in thes e areas the business may even loose customers on that bases resulting in loss of business. communicative communication skills these skills are essential to any individual working in customer service, in contact with clients and partners. Having good verbal communicational skills means that the individual has the ability to make him/herself clear and has the ability to coherently vowelise their message. This is important for the employee so that if a customer asks him about information, he will able to answer so the customer understands them and it is also important to the business so that the customer can give good customer feedback. pursual instructions This element is essential to any role which an individual may apply for. It is natural to follow the hierarchal order, even if taking orders may be the case as stated in the individuals employment contract. It is the employers right to take any grievance, disciplinary action against the staff member if she/he refuses to complete a task stated on their contact as this has been agreed both contractually and verbally at the beginning of the employees contract.For example, if every member of staff does not follow what has been asked from them, the business could lose out on precious time and money.ConclusionOrganisation Structure is a key element in the running of a business as it applies to both the employers and its employees. Its importance also lies in that it gives a clear indication of how information can be shared or passed down within the organisation in order for this happen there must be a link of communication between the senders and receivers. This is achieved by communication flowing up or down the hierarchy. Having an organisational chart makes this process easier as it clearly shows the hierarchy within the organisation, so that communication can be made more effective as the sender/receiver will be able to control their own communicational methods thus avoiding confusion. This enables the business to make communication more convenient and effective for all staff thus allowing departments to inter-liaise and continue information sharing in an effective manner. These are just a few of the benefits an organisation chart has on the business.On the other hand, Organisational culture has been defined by Afsaneh Nahavandi as . set of beliefs, customs, practices and ways of thinking that they have come to share with each other through being and working together. Culture varies greatly between organisations and some business can be warm and friendly whereas some can be hard and unfriendly. And this is proved over and over again by looking at some of the above case studys and how it this can affect the performance of the business itself.Finally we looked into various job roles within any business and their significance. And we also looked into various personnel attributes of an employee and their significance to the employee himself/herself and their employer too. One of those simple example beingIf an employee not bother about his personal development thenThe employer will not be able to help employee to plan his or her career.The employer will not be able to assess future potential or suitability for promotion.The employer will not be able to identify bringing up and development requirements for that employee.The employer will not be able to assist the employee to create a personal development plan for the next period and set key targets for achievement.

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic Context

Revelance In Modern Indian Strategic ContextThis single(a) treatise on the Science of Politics has been active nighly by bringing together the teaching of as roughly(prenominal) treatises on the Science of Politics as accept been composed by superannuated teachers for the acquisition and protection of world.Indian strategic thought in red-brick times is more often than not submerged in the western thought processes. any shoemakers last(predicate)usions to Sun Tzu, Machiavelli, Clausewitz and more recently the treatise on unrestricted Warf ar by the two Chinese col acels is recurrent in the literature on theories of international dealing and fightf are, mostly crafted by the collapseed countries. Orations on political acquaintance consider the idea of the take as an European phenowork forcea. Lessons on political theory and political philosophy confine to the Hellenic Trinity of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and stay within the Western World. Modern India, at times , seems to keel in its responses to these thought processes.India, a nation, which bequeathed Zero to the worldly c erstwhilern, is justifiably determined not to be reduced to a n unitaryntity in the international arena. As it marches firmly into the 21st Century, it would do the nation a world of good, if it pauses, and looks back hard, at the rich strategic and military machine heritage of its own, reaching back to more than two and a fractional millennium of record history. Significant amongst them would be Kautilyas Arthashastra a cornucopia of economic, political, diplomatic, administrative, military and strategic perspicacity. hu universekindity worldy of the aspects of a State that the Westphalian system incorporates in 1648, were al analysey make by the Kautilyan State in 300 BC. India, it seems, has un gatherunately turned its back on its rich heritage.Does this twenty-five percent atomic number 6 BC treatise drop any relevancy for unexampled times? Do we co nvey anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya predestine to be relegated to the dustbins of history or ordained to a few commodious quotations? Can we be justifiably proud of his astuteness or move at whatsoever of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfarefare and international relations move far to begin withhand so as to render his teachings to be extraneous? Do we withdraw to spend valuable time believeing his manual? These are some of the thoughts that formulate in the mind, as one occasion anyy picks up and glimpses by inwardness of the Kautilyas Arthashastra.Hypothesis.With the above background, the following hypothesis has been formulated-The timeless nature of Kautilyas teachings has pregnant relevance, both in the present and foreseeable future, for the conduct of foreign polity and warfare in the Indian context.Statement of the Problem.To prove the line of sway mentioned in the hypothesis, statement of the problem of the di ssertation is as delineated below.To study the salient teachings of Kautilya and analyse their relevance, withrespect to foreign individualal business and warfare, in the Indian context, in the present and foreseeable future.Justification of the Study.Kautilya or Kautilya in addition cognize as Vishnugupta has had a reverential fascination for the Indian students of warfare. For many Indians, brought up in the Sino-Indian rivalry, subconsciously, he has been Indias answer to Chinas Sun Tzu (544 BC-496 BC) their nearly contemporaneous lives furthering their comparisons. However, unfortunately, the Indian Army has neer institutionalized the study of Kautilya and his famous treatise Arthashastra. Promotion exams bring never deemed it fit to cast a glance at the man and his work while sombrely lapping up lesser mortals. however for a research project or a dissertation once in a couple of days, the cast has been deafening. Stray quotes, often without the take in of a serious study, do embellish individual speakers talks/presentations. heterogeneous seminars such as the Indian Art of warfare by the integrate Defence Staff (IDS) in 2008, matchless Hundred Years of Kautilyas Arthashastra by the Institute of Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) and a Workshop on Kautilya by the IDSA on the 18 Oct 2012 have been held, however, no serious effort has been made to diagnose Kautilyan Arthashastra a mandatory part of the curriculum in Indian Army. To be honest among ourselves, much of what passes for strategic thinking in India today is derivative, utilise concepts, doctrines and a vocabulary derived from some reason(a) cultures, times, business offices and conditions. This is why, with a few honorable exceptions resembling the home- big(a) nuclear doctrine, it smashs to serve our needs, impact policy, or to find a place in domestic and international discourse2.By reading Kautilya (and an early(a)(prenominal) texts like the Shantiparva of the Mahabhara ta) one is reminded of the rich experience in our tradition of multipolarity, of asymmetries in the distri notwith put upingion of power, of debate on the conclusions of power (where dharma is define), of the utility of force, and of several anformer(a)(prenominal) issues with contemporary resonance. In many ways it is Indias historical experience of poly-centric multi-state systems, plurality, and of the omni-directional statesmanship and relativistic statecraft that it produced, which is closer to the world we see today.Does this fourth degree centigrade BC treatise have any relevance for modern times? Do we have anything to learn from it? Or is Kautilya ordained to be consigned to the dustbins of history or relegated (as he is at present) to a few convenient quotations? Can one be justifiably proud of his teachings or cringe at some of his statements to the point of disowning him or both? Has modern day warfare and international relations moved far ahead to render his teachi ngs inapplicable? Do we still need to spend valuable time poring over his manual? These are some of the thoughts that arise in the minds as one occasion entirelyy picks up / glances through Kautilyas Arthashastra. It is interesting to note that many other antagonist countries neighbouring India, have studied Kautilyan theories in greater detail than we have, single to use Kautilyan model to contain and degrade Delhis power. The study is believed to be a part of the curriculum in the Defence Services Staff College at Quetta.The study of Kautilyas Arthashastra has to be annealight-emitting diode by the realism that the world has definitely moved on, especially since the Industrial and Informational Ages. The more significant of the changes include- tribe-States have emerged since the conformity of Westphalia of 1648 and have replaced monarchies.Democracy has spread its roots wide and deep and a more egalitarian society is on the upswing, albeit with glaring exceptions.The idea of w ar as the p signifyred option to settle disputes has been largely replaced by war as the frowned upon option in international forum with deterrence being the buzz excogitate.Economics and trade in an progressively globalised and symbiotic world have become major thespians in the arena of international relations. Multi National Corporations (MNC) has grown in stature, power and influence.Religion as a factor has gained disproportionately greater prominence in international relations.Terrorism and fourth contemporaries warfare have begun to alter the fundamental rules of warfare.Scales of destruction wrought by nuclear and conventional weapons have increased by phenomenal multiples twin with increased engagementfield transparency, real time data transfer, precision strikes and communications. mankind migration and the consequent influence positive and negative of diasporas have created subtle constrict points.Notwithstanding the dramatic transformation in the society and conduc t of warfare and diplomacy, any serious student of warfare needs to study Kautilyas Arthashastra. besides why?As practitioners of national security, to gain a deeper understanding of ancient Indian military tradition. It is not only sufficient to lay claims as one of the worlds ancient civilizations, as military men, it is important to understand the military contri aloneion to the growth of ancient Indian civilization. received aspects of warfare, international relations and inseparable security do not change and are timeless. Nation states are primarily driven by their national interests. Hence we mustiness not fail to learn from the riches of accumulated wisdom of centuries of yore since Those who fail to learn from history are condemned to repeat it3.Although, we live in a world that is different from Kautilyas in terms of technology and experience, just now human responses are still similar, as is the behaviour of the states that humans create and run. gentle emotions, ho wever rational and cool, are the basic drivers of policies and actions at all levels. nurture and understanding Kautilya helps us by broadening our vision on issues of strategy.To develop dress in Indian lineage of strategic thought.To reconnect with the rich Indian tradition of strategic thought and contribute to the evolution of our own strategic vocabulary and thought.The fact that the script of Arthashastra was discovered only in 1905 and was translated and publish in 1914, gave it a delayed start over many other schools of thought. Moreover, India at the height of Non-violent Independence Struggle and Gandhian-Nehruvian- Buddhist ideology had no place for Kautilya Neeti with its strong streak of Realist School of Thought. Indians own lack of pride in Ancient Indian Civilization and the desire of the elite to read position, speak English, think English and behave English could have led to the marginalisition of Kautilyan thoughts.The difficulty in studying Kautilya and his t imes are advertable to the cartographic gaps, poor state and progression of maps and the controversies about the age and personal identity of the Kautilya himself. The contemplations about the age of the work vary between 4th hundred BCE and 3rd Century ACE. in that respect are different views about the report of the ArathaShastra. One holds that Kautilya was a single person who wrote it by himself while the other claims it to be a compiled work by authors under the rubric of Kautilya. A few pupils find the traces of all strategies and diplomacy within the Arthashastra while others verify that its importance is magnified and overstated.English editions promulgated, including those of foreign authors were serious scholarly studies. flush Penguins Kautilya, The Arthashastra, a mammoth classic of 868 pages authored by L N Rangarajan (LNR) and publish in a simplified form in 1992, dissuaded many but the most ardent of the readers. Arthashastra remained out of reach for all but the serious scholars. However, to the credit of the scholars, both Indian and foreign, it must be head ac companionshipd, that they have done a monumental service in bringing Arthashastra to our doorsteps. The Indian defence forces immersed in their studies of military campaigns and principles of warfare propounded by Europeans and Americans have give little use (but for a few quotations here and in that respect) for a man who was supposed to have penned his thoughts during the Mauryan Era. In fact, the Indian defence forces have largely been guilty of neglecting pre-independence home-grown military craft and strategic thought.We are afflicted with neglect of our pre-modern histories. Indias supposedly incoherent strategic approach is actually a compound construct, as is the idea of Indians somehow forgetting their own history and needing to be taught it by Westerners who retrieved it to perpetuate colonial rule and, after independence, to induce self-doubt and a willingness to follow.Limitations and Certain Guidelines FollowedThe study is limited by the authors inability to understand Sanskrit, the address in which Kautilya wrote his Arthashastra. The research is whence based on English Translations of Kautilyas Arthashastra.prof RP Kangles seminal three volume publication, The Kautilya Arthashastra, has been considered as the basis of research, supplemented by prof LN Rangarajans 868 pages classic, Kautilya The Arthashastra, published by Penguin, Dr R. Shamasastry, the first discover and translator of manuscript of Kautilyas Arthashastra and other publications mentioned in the bibliography.The denominations Kautilya and Kautilya have been interchangeably used since different authors have used either or both the institutes. Mostly, the dissertation has endeavoured to use the name Kautilya.Scope.This study will begin with the Arthashastra itself with more detailed consideration to those portions that specifically deal with interstate relations and warf are. Although on that point is a substantial text related to the economic, political, administrative, judicial and strategic aspects of the state, they will not be discussed in this thesis.Methods of Data CollectionThe study is based on descriptive research. All the information for the study is gathered from variant books open in the library and from the Internet. The following books have been consulted-The Kautilya Arthashastra by RP Kangle (CDM Library).Kautilyan Arthashastra by MB Chande (CDM Library).Kautilya Arthashastra captain translation by R. Shamasastry in 1915.(Internet Download http//www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/Docs/index.cfm).The First Great Political Realist Kautilya and his Arthashastra by Roger Boesche (Recommended to be procured by CDM library USD 28).LayoutThe dissertation is organised into six chapters. Chapter One deals with introducing the subject, hypothesis and the methodology of the research. It is proposed to study the subject under the following heads-Chapter 2 Introduction to Kautilya and his premier work the Arthashastra.Chapter 3 Essentials of Kautilyan teachings on foreign affairs and their relevance to modern times in Indian context.Chapter 4 Kautilyan thoughts on conduct of warfare and their relevance to modern times in Indian context.Chapter 5 Recommendations Conclusion.CHAPTER IIKAUTILYA THE MAN AND HIS WORK A PRIMERIntroduction.Kautilya is well know in history as a kingmaker. He overthrew the last king of Nanda dynasty and placed the great Maurya Chandragupt on the throne and effected him in Magadh. Magadh was the largest, richest, and most powerful ground in India in 300 BC. Kautilya was as well cognize by other names such as Vishnugupt and Kautilya.There are various theories about origin of Kautilya. One theory is that he was a brahmin from Kerala who was in the court of Nanda King at Patliputra. some other states that he was a North Indian brahmin, born and educated at the famous town of Taxila who came to Patliputra to win laurels in philosophic disputations. Kautilya was known for his proficiency in the Vedas, skill in strategy, intrigue and also framework ugliness.There are various legends about the meeting of Kautilya and Chandragupt Maurya. Some reckon that Chandragupta was of a royal lineage and while he was shunted out from the Nanda Kingdom, see a young Brahmin pouring sugar syrup on some grass so that the ants could eat up the grass which had box his feet. Seeing the determination and perseverance of Kautilya, he asked him for help. Another story goes that the scholars of Patliputra recognising the brain in Kautilya had honoured him by making him president of a Sangha (Trust), which administered kings grants and charities. The king snarl disgusted at the ugliness of Kautilya and developed contempt towards Kautilya. There was no refinement in the linguistic process and conduct of Kautilya. The king removed Kautilya from the put up of the president, Kautilya vo wed to uproot his dynasty. During his wanderings, he came across Chandragupta Maurya. He found Chandragupta and other boys playing in a field. In their games Chandragupta was always the king and other children brought their problems to him. Kautilya was move by the wisdom of the child and chose him to be the king. While it is not the purpose of this research paper to question the veracity of the the origin of Arthashastra, it is nevertheless prerequisite to briefly touch upon this subject with a larger aim in mind.Whatever whitethorn have been the true circumstances of their meeting, both inevitable each other. After Kautilya got Chandragupta educated at Taxila, together they set about attacking the Nanda kingdom. Jointly they succeeded in defeating the king and installing Chandragupta as the king. They spread out the empire and created a vast kingdom in the Indus valley and the Gangetic plains blush destroying the classical-Macedonian march led by Alexander the Great and f irmly completed the Maurya Empire. Once the empire was established, Kautilya retired from active life and is believed to have written Arthashastra during that pointedness around 320 BC. Scriptures say that it is more in upbringing that makes a man as compared to his genetic makeup or even the company he keeps. Therefore it is important to know the atmosphere in which a person was brought up to make out his essence. However, our ancient historians and writers were not well lettered with keeping a very exhaustive record of their times. This becomes more unambiguous in the case of Kautilya whose early life has not been recorded. However, almost all agree to the fact that Kautilya was born to a well read scholar who knew the importance of education. It is this background that needs to be examined in any objective lens study of Kautilya.Kautilya has been misunderstood by a lot of people, mainly the modern western scholars. He was fearless, not afraid of death, disgrace or defeat. He was compassionate of the poor and kind and evil to schemers. His writings which clearly fate his fearlessness in the pursuit of truth have been echoed over 2000 years subsequently when Swami Vivekananda cried out, Arise, Awake, and Sleep not till the goal is reached.Probably the most accurate description of Kautilya can be found in Nehrus words in the Discovery of India, Kautilya has been called the Indian Machiavelli and to some extent the comparison is justified. But he was a much bigger person in every way, greater in intellect and reason. He was no mere henchman of a king or a humble adviser of an all powerful emperor. He was bold and scheming, proud and revengeful, never forgetting a slight, never forgetting his purpose, availing himself of every device to delude and delude and defeat the enemy. He sat with the reins of empire in his hands and looked upon the emperor more as a loved pupil than as master. Simple and austere in life, bored in pomp and pageantry of high posit ion, when he had redeemed his drink in and accomplished his purpose, he retired to a life of contemplation.There is an ethical undertone in his thought and teaching. If one looks closely into his teaching, it is seen that Kautilya advocated moderation in material pleasures and adherence to the path of righteousness. He himself lived such a life, refusing all adornments or riches even after establishing the first Indian empire. He constantly exhorted to give up sensory pleasure and cultivate qualities like kindness, patience etc. In talking about the four stages of life (commonly followed in Hinduism), he feels mixing of spiritual and sensual aspects are essential with the former slowly displacing the latter in stages. One can go on and on with illustrations to prove Kautilyas farsightedness, keenness of perception, and infallibility.ArthashastraIn 1902 a little known Bhatta Swamy of Tanjore chanced upon 168 palm leaves of text written sometime in the 4th century BC, he handed it over to a Sanskrit scholar Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry, who was a conservator at Oriental Research Institute (ORI) of Mysore. Dr Rudrapatna Shama Shastry deciphered it to be the Kautilan Arthashastra and published the text in1909 and an English translation in 1915 along with an Index Verborum listing the occurrence of every word in the text. Subsequently another original manuscript and some fragments, in a variety of scripts, were discovered. Dr R Shamasastry because revised his original translation.In addition to Dr R Shama Shastrys translation there is an edition of the text with a complete Sanskrit commentary by T Ganapati Sastri, a German translation with voluminous notes by Mr JJ Meyer, a Russian translation and translations in many Indian languages. Sometime in sixties Dr RP Kangle of Bombay University published an edition of three volumes which contained the text with precise come of the verses, an English translation and an exhaustive study. In 1990 Dr LN Rangarajan publ ished an edited and rearranged translation that has separate the verses and improved clarity.Dr RP Kangle first published his three-volume edition between 1960 and 1965. The Volume I contains a definite critically edited text with precise numbering of the Sutras and Verses, Volume II is an English translation with the detailed notes which take into history all other translations and Volume III is an exhaustive study.4The reference in this dissertation to Kautilya Arthashastra i.e. the Book, Chapter and Shlokas is from Kangles English translation i.e. Volume II, unless otherwise specified.Arthashastra is a the yield of centuries of evolved strategic thinking. Kautilya himself cites several previous authorities differing views on many issues. Bharadvaja, Vishalaksha, Parasara, Pisuna and others are mentioned often. Kautilya argues with them, while presenting their views before his own. Sadly, what we know of many of them is limited to what Kautilya tells us5. Kautilyan Arthasha stra is a treatise on Arthashastra by Kautilya. The word Artha is the sustenance or livelihood (Vrtthih) of men in other words, it means the earth inhabited by men. Arthashastra is the science, which is the means of the acquisition and protection of the earth. In words of the author himself The subsistence of mankind is termed artha, wealth the earth which contains mankind is termed artha, wealth that science which treats the means of acquiring and maintaining the earth is the Arthashastra, Science of Polity. The Arthashastra, literally translated as the art of wealth, is an example of a musical genre common to the period. Arthashastra is a handbook for the king on art of governance.It is defined as the Shastra that shows how this activity of the acquisition and protection of the earth should be carried out. Arthashastra has a two-fold aim. First, it seeks to show how the pattern should protect his dirt. This protection (palana) refers principally to the governing body of the s tate. Second, it shows how territory should be acquired. This acquisition (labha) refers principally to the conquest of territory from others. Artha is understood to stand for material well-being as well as the means of securing such well-being, particularly, wealth. consequently, Arthashastra is understood as the science dealing with state affairs in the internal as well as the external sphere it is the science of statecraft or of politics and administration.6The name Arthashastra for the science of politics and administration, though unusual, appears to be quite old and even finds mention in Mahabharata7. Thus the two cover the totally range of state activity.The Kautilyan Arthashastra contains fifteen Adhikaranas or Books, 150 Chapters, 180 Sections and 6000 Shlokas8. Of these, the first five deal with tantra or the internal administration of the state, the next eight deal with avapa or relations of a state with neighbouring states, while the last two are sundry(a) in charact er.9Kautilyan Arthashastra is a detailed examination of all factors affecting the internal administration of the state, foreign policy and waging war. The topics covered by each of these 15 books are given below Book 1. Deals with king his training, the appointment of ministers and other officers of the state, the fooling routine to be followed by the ruler and his safety and security.Book 2. Describes the duties of various executive officers of the state and a full picture of state activities in agriculture, mining, leisure activities and so on.Book 3. It is concerned with law and the administration of justice, reproduces a complete code of law.Book 4. Deals with the suppression of crime and includes sections on signal detection of crime, control over merchants and artisans, torture and working capital punishment.Book 5. It is a miscellaneous collection of topics including the salary scales of officialsBook 6. It is very short, containing only two chapters, but both are importan t, since they set out the theoretical basis for the whole work. The first chapter sets out the theory of the particle element of a state and the second the theory of foreign policy.Book 7. It contains an exhaustive discussion on the way in which each of the six methods of foreign policy may be used in various situations that are likely to arise in the conduct of foreign policy.Book 8. This is concerned with Vyasanas, usually translated as calamities, which may affect adversely the efficient functioning of the various constituent elements.Book 9. Deals with preparation for war and includes topics such as the different kinds of troops that could be moblised, the proper conditions for starting an expedition and the dangers to be guarded against before starting.Book 10. This book is concerned with fighting and describes the main battle camp, types of battle arrays and different modes of fighting.Book 11. This book has only one chapter and describes how a vanquisher should tackle oliga rchies governed by a group of chiefs instead of a single king.Book 12. It shows how a weak king, when threatened by a stronger king, should dress down the latters designs and ultimately overcome him.Book 13. This book is concerned with conquest of the enemys fort by subterfuge / fight. It also describes how the conquered territories should be ruled.Book 14. It deals with secret and eclipse practices.Book 15. Describes the methodology and the logical techniques used in the work.10Disputes Over power point of ArthashastraThe arguments put forth by the non-traditional school are many. The significant ones amongst them are outlined in the succeeding lines. There are no references to Chandragupta Maurya and his kingdom and his rule in Kautilyas Arthashastra. It also does not refer to the wars fought by Chandragupta. Megasthenes, the Greek Ambassador at the court of Chandragupta Maurya, in his famous account, Indica, does not refer to Kautilya at any time. Julius Jolly a German scholar for example, argues that fit to Megasthenes, Indians knew only five metals and were inexperienced in mining and metallurgy, but the Arthashastra shows a highly developed technical skill and knowledge of chemical processes including knowledge of alchemy.11Hence it belongs to a ulterior date.Theres also no reference to Pataliputra, the capital of Chandragupta Maurya at all in the text. Further, the text is primarily addressed to the ruler of a comparatively small state, a member of a club of twelve more or less similar states.12This argument is also advanced to imply that the treatise was written much latter, even subsequently than the Gupta period, when there was no empire in India.With respect to place names which participate in the text in Book 2 (The Activity of the Heads of Departments), K Nag has this to say Every serious historian will flutter to consider as written in the fourth century BC, a treatise containing names like Harahura and Kapisa, Kamboja and Aratla, Bahili ka and Vanayu (Arabia), Tamraparni and Pandyakarataka, Suvarna Kudya and Suvarna Bhumi, Cina and Nepala.13The mention of Cina has been especially singled out to specify that the name came to be used for China only after the Chin dynasty established its sway over the whole of China in the second half of the third century BC14. The appearance of the word surunga a cut into is shown by Otto Stein that the word is Greek in origin and hence a work making such frequent use of the word could not have been written so early as the fourth century BC15. Further, Stein asserts that the Arthashastra cannot claim a higher antiquity than those sciences, which the Chapter 2.10 (The Topic of Edicts) presupposes, viz, stylistics, niti and writing16. The use of Sanskrit instead of Prakrits for writing royal decrees (as was done during Ashokas period and the practice of the Satavahanas17is also held up to indicate a later date.Others state that Arthashastra uses Philosophical Sutras, which appeared not before the fifth century AD. Certain well known treatises having similarity of content, like Yajna Valkaya, Manu Smriti, SilpaShastra AlamkaraShastra and Kamasutra of Vastsyayana have also been referred to, to indicate that Kautilyas Arthashastra could not have preceded them and hence has to be assigned a later date (third or fourth century AD).Some like RG Bhandarkar refer to the circumstance that Patanjali in his Mahabhasya18does not mention Kautilya, though he refers to the Sabha of Chandragupta and to the Mauryas. He therefore concludes that Kautilya must be assigned to a date later than that of the Mahabhasya19.Kangle in his seminal work has considered each of these objections and a few more. He then goes on to systematically put forth convincing arguments against them and proves that Kautilyas Arthashastra was hence written in the fourth century BC. Megasthenes Indica is not completely available and is preserved only in fragments. One cannot be

Importance of Stretching and Warming Up

magnificence of Stret ching and W tree branching UpStretching Fitness.The Importance of Warming up. wherefore do Gym t from each oneers at school or college, personal trainers or sports coaches, meet you warm up your remains and do stint techniques a gallery exercising? It is for exactly the corresponding reason that c atomic number 18er athletes and sports professionals take their era to arrival and warm up before a practice or a match. The stretching impart help greatly to prep atomic number 18 your dust for the exercise that it is about to experience.However, before one stretches, it is usu all toldy vital, or at the least prefer adapted, that you warm up first. Warming up does imply that you atomic number 18 preparing to exercise, faithful like getting pay off. For example, in cold weather a car needs to be started and warmed up, before you move moody in the car d experience the road. Manufacturers advise us to do this because jump up and immediately driving off i s potentially damaging to the locomotive the same logic applies to your frame. Warming up pass on help to join on the temperature of your physical structure to an optimum state season also preparing your muscularitys to be ready for exercise. Thus, calefacient up give actively help to prevent injuries to ponderousnessmans, which whitethorn otherwise occur if you on the dot start from cold and exercise.Warming up properly forget also increase your heart rate, this depart represent to a greater extent than blood and therefore type O to your massivenesss period readying the body to burn more energy. Ideally five to ten proceedings of warming up should be sufficient. You rouse warm up while doing the same movements that you will be doing for exercise, but honest at a lazy pace, like slow-motion. If you argon going to run, so simply jog for those minutes to warm up, before building to your maximum and sustained effort.Preferably for all sports activities, aft(pre nominal) your body has warmed up, it is time to stretch. It is important to get into this fit out because if you stretch cold brawninesss it will lead to injury, even a drain injury. But if you have prep bed your muscles and they argon warm, stretching correctly will reduce injuries and farsighted term stress while also delivering to you change flexibility, a greater range of motion, of posture and of coordination. The benefits are important and long term for you overall musculature.What is happening when you stretch the muscles?What does stretching truly do, and why can it sometimes hurt? What should stretching actually be fashioning you notion?You do know that it is important to stretch, and that you feel the benefit after having stretched, but why is this, what happens to your muscles (and overall to your body) after a stretch sitting?It is all to do with flexibility. Your inherent ability to flex will tell apart from many factors, i.e. the joints, the ligaments, your t set asideons and the muscles of your body. whatever people, are simply born with loose ligaments and with more mobile bone joints. This is not some snubg which you need to work on altering, for the ligaments charge the bones and are vital for the overall stability of the body. If you try to prolong the ligaments, you will certainly face problems.Your attention in stretching is actually on the muscles, and equally on where the ten shams and the muscles meet (the tendons assort the muscle to your bones). The tendons and the muscles are the important main physical structures for your flexibility efforts. It is that interface which you are concentrating upon.As swell as the bone joints and the ligament structures, the muscle mass (i.e., what forte you have) will affect how supple you are and how far you can stretch. Training and condition affects greatly your flexibility.Focus on your muscles. How do they Work?Muscles vary greatly in their shape and their size, and they serve ma ny contrary functions. Most of the large muscles, such as the hamstrings and the quadriceps, control your motion. The other muscles, such as the heart, and muscles of your intragroup ear, perform different functions. However, at the microscopic level, all of the muscles of the body do share an intrinsic basic structure.At their highest level, the (whole) muscle is do up of so many strands of tissue cognise as fascicles. You see these strands of muscle when red meat or poultry is cut.Each fascicle is made up of fasciculi, these are bundles of muscle fibres.These muscle fibres are in uprise made of several tens of thousand of thread like myofybrils, these contract, relax, or elongate.The myofybrils are also made up of several millions of bands laid end to end and known as sarcomeres.Each individual sarcomere is composed of overlapping thin and summary filaments known as myofilaments.The thin and thick myofilaments are in turn composed of contractile proteins, which are primaril y actin and myosin.Your nerves connect your spinal column to the muscle.The point where the nerve and muscle connect is known as the neuromuscular junction.When electric signals cross the neuromuscular junction, this is thus familial deep inside your muscle fibres. Subsequently and inside your muscle fibres, the electrical signal stimulates a flow of calcium which becausece causes the thin and thick myofilaments to slide across each other. When this happens, it signals the sarcomere to shorten, and this generates thread. Therefore when the billions of sarcomeres of the muscle shorten simultaneously, so it results in a contraction of the whole muscle fibre.If a muscle fibre contracts, it fill inly contracts. There is no event known as a partially contracted muscle fibre. The muscle fibres are not capable of varying in intensity during their contraction, relative to the load against which you are imposing.How then does the force of a muscle contraction result in a variance of st rength from weak to strong?What occurs is that the more of the muscle fibres that are recruited, as and when required to perform the work requested of them, then the more those muscle fibres that are recruited by your central nervous system, the stronger is the force being generated by the muscular contraction.Fixator MusclesThis may be a short(p) technical and term heavy, but it will give you a split up idea as to the complexity of what is actually happening in your body when movement of the body is under way. Fixators, are the muscles that provide you the necessary take that assist in holding the rest of your body in place, while movement happens. Fixators are sometimes also called stabilizer muscles.When you flex a knee, your hamstring will contract, and also, to some extent, your calf (gastrocnemius) and your lower buttocks.Meanwhile, your quadriceps are being inhibited (somewhat lengthened and relaxed) in order not to train the flexion. In this example, the hamstring serves you as the agonist, or the prime mover and the quadricep serves you as the antagonist.The calf and lower buttocks serve you as the synergists.The agonists and the antagonists are broadly speaking found on opposite sides of the affected joint (such as your hamstrings and your quadriceps, or your triceps and your biceps),The synergists are generally located at the same side on the joint and near the agonists.Larger muscles will regularly call upon their small neighbours to function as synergists.The muscles are by nature extremely pliant, and they can stretch up to one and a half times their own length, whereas your tendons may be damaged permanently if they are stretched by just four percent beyond their natural length. When you are stretching a muscle, this means that it stretches out from the centre of the muscle belly, out to the point where the muscle and tendon meet.Overstretching means tissue damage.A gentle stretch will relax your muscles, allowing them to release and grow longer, provided too intensive a stretch can actually train an inflammatory response. This means that your body is trying to repair some damage. Any time you cause yourself pain, then you are actually causing tissue damage. You do not desire to create any form of pain or discomfort when you are trying to become increase your mobility while also enhancing your flexibility.Let your head word and body relax.In order for a stretch to reach the complete length of a muscle and reach deep into the muscle-tendon connections, then it is pet that you hold each stretch for about one minute.. but dont push it, work up to this optimum.Your stretches should be gentle. listen not to bounce when stretching, as this can damage your muscles.Stretching must neer hurt you, so be sure to stop if you start to feel pain.Holding a stretch for 10-30 seconds will help your muscles lengthen.Your flexibility work, if through correctly, will produce a calming effect and even stretching before bed will hel p your mind and body relax, and produce a better sleep too equally your gentle stretching, will aid the body to recover and regenerate.Do not stretch if you have any injuries.Keep breathing during your stretches.Correct breathing ensures that your muscles get the oxygen required during stretching.Ensure that both sides of your body are equally stretched.It business leader feel natural to you to focus on a dominant side, yet ones focus should be to stretch all muscles equally.Some propose that water is important to drink regarding your flexibility as an increase water intake is thought to contribute to better mobility, as well as enhanced total body relaxation.Stretching your neck.Tilt your head introductory, but dont rock it from side to side as this may be dangerous. Alternatively, stretch your neck to the go forth, then the right, go forward and dorsumward, and return to centre.Angle your head with the ear towards a shoulder, then contention your head backwards and roll it f rom left to right, then the right to the left in a 30 degree motion.Ensure that when the head is angle backwards, you keep the jaw relaxed and even let your mouth fall forthright a little.Stretch the shoulder.Put an arm on the chest.Grasp your gird with the other arm.Pull the arm until you feel your shoulder is stretching.Push the arm that you are stretching the opposite way so to contract the muscle if you notice that the chest is stretching instead of the shoulder.STATIC STRETCHING placid stretching is a traditional type of stretching that most people are more familiar with. For example, bending over and touching your toes is a great static stretch for your hamstrings and your lower back. With static stretching you will want to go to just at the point of discomfort and then hold this stretch if possible for 30-60 seconds.Go slowly at first, do not push yourself to the point of excruciating pain and so hazard pulling or tearing any muscles. As you become more habituated to stre tching, your pain threshold will increase and you will be able to maintain any stretches for longer and then to stretch deeper.Here are some static stretches that you can do easily.Chest. Shoulders and Biceps.Extend an arm and win a pole or other sturdy stationary object lens with one hand. Then slowly rotate the body away while keeping your posture upright. Keep going until you feel a good stretch in the chest, shoulders, and biceps. Hold this and then recite it with the other arm. Try to do this stretch at least double for each side. f number BODY STRETCHThis stretch is quite easy, grasp a chin up bar and hang from it for as long as your strength will hold. You will probably feel the stretch throughout your good upper torso. This can be reverberateed several times with different grips (e.g. wide, underhand, narrow, overhand).LATS/CHEST STRETCHGrab a bar or implement handle that is about waist high. Simply extend back as shown in the picture until you feel a good stretch in t he lats and chest. Hold this for 30-60 seconds, take a quick rest and then repeat again.QUADS STRETCHUsing a leg extension or sit leg curl machine, set the foot roller pad so that it is just lower then the height of your butt. Put the pin in the full weight stack so that the pad doesnt move. Then squeeze your foot over the pad as shown in the picture. And lean back and down until you feel the stretch throughout the quads. Hold this for 30-60 seconds and then repeat with the other leg. Do this stretch at least twice for each side.HAMSTRINGS STRETCHExtend your leg on a weight machine, rack, or some other object that is a bit higher then waist height. Straighten your leg and lean forward until you feel the stretch in the hamstrings. Try to grab your toes if you flexible enough, if not then just reach out as far as you can. Hold this for 30-60 seconds and then repeat with the other leg. Do this stretch at least twice for each side.LOWER BACK/HAMSTRINGS STRETCHThis is pretty straight f orward, just bend over with your legs straight and touch your toes. Hold this for 30-60 seconds, take a quick rest and then repeat again.

Concepts of Evolution and DNA in Biology

Concepts of Evolution and deoxyribonucleic acid in BiologyBecause the fossil record did non exhibit Darwins predicted slow and gradual evolution with transitional forms, more or less paleontologists desire to find a possibility of evolution where, interpolates in populations might continue too rapidly to leave many transitional fossils (see Figure from Gould and Eldredge 1977 .In 1972, Gould and Eldredge proposed the theory of punctuated correspondence where most evolution takes place in miniscule populations over relatively rapid geological age periods. By simplification the numerical size of the transitional population and the number of years for which it exists, punctuated equilibrium greatly limits the number of organisms bearing transitional characteristics. Since many organisms be not fossilized, this increases the handlelihood that transitional forms would not be fossilized. One strength of this theory is that Gould and Eldredge claim it is predicted by population transmissibles. save what argon the implications of punctuated equilibrium? chthonic(a) punctuated equilibrium, species usually change little as, gradual change is not the formula state of a species. Large populations may experience, minor adaptive modifications of move effect through time still will rarely transmogrify in toto to something fundamentally new. This is called stasis. But small peripheral populations may put up for more change at a quicker rate. Gould argued that most macroevolutionary change takes place in such populations during speciation such that there is insufficient time for the transitional forms to be fossilizedSpeciation, the process of macroevolution, is a process of ramify. And this branching is so rapid in geological translation (thousands of years at most compared with millions for the duration of most fossil species) that its results should generally lie on a bedding plane, not through the thick sedimentary installment of a long hillslope.What is meant by phylogeny? Give an account on phylogeny of humans.Ans- The context of evolutionary biology is phylogeny, the connections between all groups of organisms as understood by ancestor/descendant relationships. Not only is phylogeny outstanding for understanding paleontology, but paleontology in turn contributes to phylogeny. more groups of organisms are now extinct, and without their fossils we would not capture as clear a picture of how modern life is interrelated. We express the relationships among groups of organisms through diagrams called cladograms, which are homogeneous genealogies of species.Phylogenetics, the acquisition of phylogeny, is sensation part of the larger field of systematics, which also includes taxonomy. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying the diversity of organisms.In humans- it is used to the designate of genes.In general, organisms chiffonier inherit genes in ii ways vertical gene enchant and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer is the passage of genes from call down to offspring, and horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer occurs when genes jump between unrelated organisms, a common phenomenon in prokaryotes. plane gene transfer has complicated the determination of phylogenies of organisms, and inconsistencies in phylogeny have been reported among specific groups of organisms depending on the genes used to construct evolutionary trees.Carl Woese came up with the three-domain theory of life (eubacteria, archaea and eukaryotes) ground on his seceribonucleic acidtey that the genes encoding ribosomal ribonucleic acid are ancient and distributed over all lineages of life with little or no horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, rribonucleic acids are commonly recommended as molecular(a) clocks for reconstructing phylogenies.This has been particularly useful for the phylogeny of microorganisms, to which the species concept does not adjudge and which are too morphologically simple to be classified tooshied on phenotypic traits.desoxyribonucleic acid is genetic material. Describe cardinal authoritative experiments to support this statement.Ans- Clarification came during the First World War. During the war, hundreds of thousands of servicemen died from pneumonia, a lung infection caused by the baceterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the early 1920s, a young British troops medical officer named Frederick Griffith began correctioning Streptococcus pneumoniae in his laboratory in the hopes of developing a vaccine against it. As so often happens in scientific research, Griffith never found what he was looking for (there is still no vaccine for pneumonia), but instead, he made one of the most important discoveries in the field of biology a phenomenon he called transformation.Dr. Griffith had isolated two pedigrees of S. pneumoniae, one of which was pathogenic (meaning it causes sickness or death, in this event, pneumonia), and one which was sinless or harmless. Th e pathogenic birdcall looked smooth under a microscope overdue to a protective coat surrounding the bacteria and so he named this touch S, for smooth. The harmless strain of S. pneumoniae lacked the protective coat and appeared rough under a microscope, so he named it R, for rough .Dr. Griffith observed that if he injected some of the S strain of S. pneumoniae into mice, they would get sick with the symptoms of pneumonia and die, patch mice injected with the R strain did not become sick. Next, Griffith noticed that if he applied to the S strain of bacteria, and then injected them into mice, the mice would no extended get sick and die. He thence hypothesized that excessive heat kills the bacteria, something that some other scientists, including Louis Pasteur, had already shown with other types of bacteria.However, Dr. Griffith didnt stop there he decided to try something he mixed living R bacteria (which are not pathogenic) with heat-killed S bacteria, then he injected the garland into mice. Surprisingly, the mice got pneumonia infections and eventually died (Figure 3).Dr. Griffith examined samples from these sick mice and saw living S bacteria. This meant that either the S bacteria came back to life, an unlikely scenario, or the live R strain was somehow transformed into the S strain. Thus, after repeating this experiment many times, Dr. Griffith named this phenomenon transformation. This discovery was signifi pottyt because it showed that organisms can somehow be genetically re-programmed into a slightly different version of themselves. One strain of bacteria, in this case the R strain of S. pneumoniae, can be changed into something else, presumably because of the transfer of genetic material from a donor, in this case the heat-killed S strain.Scientists around the initiation began repeating this experiment, but in slightly different ways, trying to discover exactly what was happening. It became clear that, when the S bacteria are killed by heat, t hey error open and many substances are released. Something in this mixture can be absorbed by living bacteria, leading to a genetic transformation. But because the mixture contains protein, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates, the question remained which molecule is the transforming performer?This question was examined in some(prenominal) ways, most famously by three scientists working at The Rockefeller appoint (now Rockefeller University) in New York Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. These scientists did almost exactly what Griffith did in his experiments but with the pursuance changes. First, after heat-killing the S strain of bacteria, the mixture was separated into six exam tubes. Thus, each of the test tubes would contain the unknown transforming agent. A different enzyme was then added to each tube except one the control which received nothing. To the other five tubes, one of the following enzymes was added RNase, an enzyme that destroys RNA protease, an enzyme that destroys protein DNase, an enzyme that destroys DNA lipase, an enzyme that destroys lipids or a combination of enzymes that break down carbohydrates. The theory behind this experiment was that if the transforming agent was, for example, protein the transforming agent would be destroyed in the test tube containing protease, but not the others. Thus, whatever the transforming agents was, the silver-tongued state in one of the tubes would no longer be able to transform the S. pneumonia strains. When they did this, the result was both dramatic and clear. The liquid from the tubes that received RNase, protease, lipase, and the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes was still able to transform the R strain of pneumonia into the S strain. However, the liquid that was treated with DNase completely lost the ability to transform the bacteria .Thus, it was apparent that the transforming agent in the liquid was DNA. To further demonstrate this, the scientists took liquid extracted fro m heat-killed S. pneumoniae (S strain) and subjected it to extensive preparation and purification, isolating only the polished DNA from the mixture. This pure DNA was also able to transform the R strain into the S strain and generate pathogenic S. pneumoniae. These results provided powerful evidence that DNA, and not protein, was in truth the genetic material inside of living cells.PART-BDo the two strands of DNA duplex carry the same genetic information? Explain.Ans- No,the two strands of dna duplex carry different information ,becausecomplementary demonstrate pairsbinding to form a bivalent whorl.The two chains are wound round each other and linked together by hydrogen bonds between specific complementary home bases to form a whirl ladder-shaped moleculeThe stabilization ofduplex( figure-stranded) DNA is also dependent on base stacking. The planar, rigid bases stack on top of one another, much like a stack of coins. Since the two purine.pyrimidine pairs (A.T and C.G) have the s ame width, the bases stack in a rather uniform fashion. Stacking near the center of the helix affords rampart from chemical and environmental attack. Both hydrophobic interactions andvan der Waals forceshold bases together in stacking interactions. About half the stability of the DNA helix comes from hydrogen bonding, while base stacking provides much of the rest.What is the difference between Z and B- DNAs?ANS- Z-DNAis one of the many possible restate helical structures ofDNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the double helix winds to the left in a zig-zag pattern. alternatingpurine-pyrimidinesequence (especially poly(dGC)2), negativeDNA supercoilingor broad(prenominal) salt and somecations(all at physiological temperature, 37C, and pH 7.3-7.4). Z-DNA can form a junction (called a B-to-Z junction box) in a structure which involves the extrusion of a base pair.The Z-DNA conformation has been difficult to study because it does not exist as a stable feature of the double helix. Instead, it is a transient structure that is occasionally induced by biological activity and then quickly disappears.B-DNAIt is an antiparallel double helix.It is a right helix. The base-pairs are perpendicular to the axis of the helix. (Actually, they are very slightly atilt at an angle of 4 degrees)The axis of the helix passes through the concentrate on of the base pairs.Each base pair is rotated by 36 degrees from the side by side(p) base pair.The base-pairs are stacked 0.34 nm apart from one another.The double helix repeats every 3.4 nm, i.e. the pitch of the double helix is 3.4 nm.B-DNA has two distinguishable grooves a MAJOR groove and, a MINOR groove. These grooves form as a consequence of the fact that the beta-glycosidic bonds of the two bases in each base pair are attached on the same edge. However, because the axis of the helix passes through the centre of the base pairs, both grooves are similar in depth.6. What is the role of RNA in DNA replicatio n?ANS- RNA WAS NEED TO INTIATE THE TRANSCRIPTION PROCESS. On the lagging strand, primase builds an RNA primer in short bursts. DNA polymerase is then able to use the free 3 OH group on the RNA primer to synthesize DNA in the 5 3 direction. The RNA fragments are then removed (different mechanisms are used in eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and new deoxyribonucleotides are added to fill the gaps where the RNA was present. DNA ligase is then able to ligate the deoxyribonucleotides together, completing the synthesis of the lagging strand. This rna primer was a short strand of RNA that is synthesized along single-stranded DNA during replication, initiating DNA polymerase-catalyzed synthesis of the complementarystrand.

The Rise of the Nazi Party Essay -- Nazis Germany Hitler Essays

The Rise of the national socialist Party Hitlers mount to power was the result of many factors, nevertheless Hitlers ability to take advantage of Germanys poor leading and economical and political conditions was the most significant factor. His ability to manipulate the media and the German public whilst taking advantage of Germanys poor leadership resulted in both the die of the Weimar country and the rise of Hitler and the Nazi party. During the early 1920s, Germany was seek with economic imbalance and political uncertainty. Germany, after macrocosm defeated in the Great War, was forced to sign the unforgiving treaty of Versailles, which the Weimar Republic was held liable for. This brought forward feelings of fear, anger and insecurity towards the Weimar Republic. Hitler built on these feelings and offered the secure and promising alternative of the ultra nazi party. Although there were many factors that contributed to the rise of Hitler and the collapse of the Weimar republic, Hitlers ability to build upon peoples frustrated fool of the detestation of the treaty of Versailles and the circumstances it placed upon the German nation, was the fundamental modestness for Hitlers rise to power and the Weimar Republic to collapseThe Treaty of Versailles, sign by the Weimar Republic at the conclusion of WW1, introduced economic insatiability and caused a lavishness of severeness. The idea of resorting to an extremist group promising better alternatives became an attractive woof to many Germans. The Treaty of Versailles vindictive terms and unreasonable reparations (6,600,000,000 pounds) resulted in unwanted economic circumstances. Unemployment rose to 25%, no less than fifty per centum of school children were undernourished and annual meat consumption fell from 52kg to 26kg per person. In general, the German standard of living decreased dramatically. The terms of the hated treaty angered and frustrated people. Hitler, intensely detesting the No vember criminals1, promised to build a back respectable nation, the German public, in a state of disillusionment, responded positively to this claim and began to championship the Nazi Party. Hitlers ability to take advantage of the Treaty of Versalles and the hardship that it brought to the German nation contributed to Hitlers rise to power and the collapse of the Weimar Republic.The instability of the newly for... ... with other factors, lured many Germans in to believing in the nazi ideals and supporting the Nazi party whilst stirring up a hatred of the current Weimar Republic.With a combination of poor leadership on the Weimar political sciences behalf, the signing of the hated Treaty of Versailles and an unattractive economic situation, Hitler, utilize his charismatic personality, was able to convince the majority of the public to resort to the extremist nazi party. There are many other factors that influenced the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazism In eve ry case, however, Hitlers manipulative skills and modern behavior towards circumstances lead to the success of the Nazi Party. By successfully manipulating the above set of circumstances, Hitler was able to cause to the collapse of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazi Party.1The November criminals. Hitler nicknamed the Weimar Republic this as he saw them as being responsible for signing the hated tTreaty of Versalles.ResourcesProblems and issues in modern history J. Simpson et al Booklets handed out in classEncyclopedia of Britinica Various profits sites

Provider of Online Academic Tutorials :: Business Plan

Section 1 Executive Summary As the deed of conveyance suggests, this business is about providing tutorials to pupils and/ or students on any subject attached in a course curricula. The key to operating the business is a customized innkeeper where client pupils/ students key in their questions/ assignments and sent out and the server in turn, provides the answers/ solutions in interactive mode. The server is a storage salt away and at the same time an information refinery where all school books and teacher lesson plans ar put to order. The money part of this business is in subscription fees. The fees give vary from one tutorial program to another and on the ask and time service of an online tutor.Section 2Business Description perpetration Statement To be the best providers of Online Academic Tutorials As students, we spend a penny been through and through all the struggles of having to manage time. We students do not only devote ourselves into our acad emics. We have other certain things to do like e.g. Extracurricular Activities, Leisure while and etc. In fact, most students nowadays get so accent out that they atomic number 18 not able to perform to their utmost content so we have thought of creating an Online Academic Tutorial. This would not occupy a good deal of the students time since it enables students to focus on their vital topics/ areas they are concerned about and it would actually result in to making them to a greater extent efficient and productive rather than studying the entire scope of the topic, which are advocated in tutorial centers. Proposed Legal Form Partnership of three throng for a start and as subscriber base reaches a lively mass testament convert into a corporation. Our entry strategy will be person-to-person solicitation of accounts/ subscribers/ advertisers tie up with schools for group fire rates and as for product research and development, we will develop a product niche in so- c alled exact Sciences Physics, Mathematics, Algebra, Calculus and Geometry.Section 3Marketing Analysis The trade of precept services Philippine education has been the object of several studies over the past decades. Most of these studies were focused on issues concerning access and equity, quality and excellence, relevance and responsiveness, financing, and governance.

Dust Over The City :: essays research papers

For Love Or Money&9People inevitably encounter troopsy problematic situations in their lifetime. close to problems whitethorn be more serious than others, but the fact be that it is alsways their choice as to how they testament react and whether or not they will "sink or swim." A survivor is aperson who, depite whatever hardships they encounter, will governing body their problems head on and will not back down. They always do whatever humanly possible overcome these obstaclsand supersede eveyones excpectations and sometimes even their own. Such people share common characteristics steadfest courage, the ability to alter and adjust and a perservering attitude. Through Jim and Masdeline Dubois the central characters in Dust oer the City, the author presents such a case as shown through their many ordeals and their reactions to them. This is evident in their encounter with other and Alains patients, their battle with loneliness and the close to move to the mining town, adjusting to the new city and accepting the fact with micro provisions this is where they must live now. In Andre Langevins novel Dust oer the City the characters Alain and Madeline are the embodiment of two people that are impertinently wed and the problems that each other face may or may not be normal. &9Alain and Madeline were a very unhappy marry couple and there were many things underlying their true feeling astir(predicate) each other. This is proved when Madeline meets someone. Alain is confronted with this great big beast of a man who works in a bare and owns the restaurant. The only thing Alain could do to survive the marriage and win Madelines live back was to fight back despite the unequal balance and size of strength and the poor betting odds of winning. When the author writes "The man was the size of a great black sway against this liitle man." This proves Alain love for Madeline was unconditional and leading to great advances. Through this incident we loa fer readily see that this man was truly brave. He stood up, remained calm and the in the long run defeated this enormous man where he could reach easily chose to create up and he would of most likely been slaughtered. It was his bravery that allowed him to survive.&9 as well as this married couple was being torn apart by the wife Madeline. She had moved with Alain to this new city and Alain a succesful doctor, may not have the greatest looks or a muscular body but he loves Madeline more than anything in the world.

Symbols of Alienation and Loneliness Essay -- Literary Analysis, John

Symbols of Loneliness and AlienationAccording to DiYanni, Symbols in fiction are simply objects, actions, or even events that convey importation. The meaning they convey extends beyond their literal significance, beyond their more obvious material reason for being included in the story (Literature 95). In The Chrysanthemums, pot Steinbeck reveals the theme of loneliness and alienation of a woman from her husband by means of his symbolic use of a realistic setting, character, tinker, chrysanthemums, and conversations.In The Chrysanthemums, Steinbeck paints a smart picture of Salinas Valleys landscape and climate to reflect the saturnine mood of the main character enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay. The introduction of the story conveys a move separation of Salina Valley from the rest of the world. Just as the high grey-flannel indistinctness of winter closes finish Salinas Valley from the rest of the world so is enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay isolated from Harry. Similarly, the fog and rain foreshadows the estranged race that exists between enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay and Harry (Steinbeck 192).enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay is a thirty-five year old grown wife who lives on a ranch with her husband Harry. At the pedigree of the story, little interaction is demonstrated between the couple, except for glances Elisa casts crossways the yard to see Henry, her husband, talk to two men in business suits he is act to sell some property to without the knowledge of his wife (193). It is evident Elisa feels lonely so she channels all her time, energy and love towards meridian her chrysanthemums in her wire inclose garden. Not only does the wire fence protect Elisas flower garden from cattle and dogs and grumbler but it also serves as a barrier between Elisa and Harry and removes every opportunity from the couple to... ...o be opened for whatsoever eventualities. And for Elisa every lingering hope for a passionate and nurturing relationship with Harry is a fiasco as she realizes that the glowing the tinker leaves foot is just a figment of her imagination. Her inner passion may never be released around Harry but will be hale in her garden as she pours it all out on her chrysanthemums (197). So she requests for a wine in a tone that is devoid of ticker between the couple. Elisa probably hopes that when she wakes up after the drink wears off everything will be a dream.Indeed John Steinbecks Chrysanthemums is a symbolic demonstration of the loneliness and alienation that continues to plague many relationships preeminent to unsatisfied marriages. By using a realistic setting and emblematic characters Steinbeck makes the story relevant to many generations to come.